Crusaders Give The Emperor An Ultimatum
After affairs in Antioch were settled, the leaders unanimously decided to send envoys to urge the emperor to aid them personally, as per their agreement. The envoys were to inform him that the Christians were about to march to Jerusalem and request his prompt support, as obligated by the treaty. If he failed to comply, they wished to be released from any obligation to him. Hugh the Great, brother of the king of France, and Baldwin, count of Hainault, were selected for this task. Baldwin vanished during the journey after a skirmish, and his fate remains uncertain. Some claim he fell in battle, while others believe he was captured and taken far away in the Orient. Lord Hugh, however, evaded the enemy and reached the emperor safely. Unfortunately, he tarnished his reputation by not returning with the response or completing his mission, despite his noble status. “Every fault of character has in itself more conspicuous guilt according as he who sins is esteemed the greater.”
Disease Afflicts Crusaders
After the glorious siege and capture of Antioch, a terrible pestilence struck, its cause unknown. Mortality was so high that thirty or forty bodies were buried daily, leaving the already diminished survivors even fewer. The contagion spared no class. Among the deceased was Adhemar, bishop of Puy, a revered figure mourned as a father and guide. He was buried with honor in the church where the Lance of the Lord was found. Henry d’Esch, respected for his lineage and valor, succumbed to the plague and was buried at Turbessel. Reinhold von Ammersbach, famed for his race and bravery, also died and was interred in the basilica of the Prince of the Apostles. Women suffered greatly, with nearly fifty thousand dying in days.
Curious investigators of this subject have drawn different conclusions. Some suggest it arose from disease seeds in the air. Others believe that once people, long suffering from hunger, finally accessed abundant food, their overeating led to their demise. They argue that those who ate moderately were healthier and recovered quicker.
Crusaders Decide Next Steps
Whether to escape the pestilence or push the pilgrimage forward, the populace loudly demanded that leaders resume the march to Jerusalem, the goal for which they had come. They urged the army of the Lord to continue, fulfilling the purpose that made them leave their lands. The chiefs met to discuss this demand, considering it worthy of attention. Leaders had differing reactions. Some believed they should proceed immediately to satisfy the crowd. Others, due to the summer heat, water scarcity, lack of horses, and weakened people from famine, suggested delaying until October. This pause would allow for acquiring new horses, rejuvenating the old ones, and restoring the people’s strength with rest and food, better preparing them for the march’s challenges.
Leaders Disperse To Avoid Plague
These sentiments were approved by all, and it was agreed to stay until the specified time. The leaders then parted to avoid the looming threat and seek better provisions. They all understood they would return promptly at the appointed time. Bohemond went to Cilicia, where he took Tarsus, Adana, Mamistra, and Anavarza, appointed rulers, and controlled the district. Other chiefs dispersed to neighboring cities to recuperate their strength and that of their horses. Many nobles and people crossed the Euphrates to Edessa, seeking favors from Baldwin, the duke’s brother. The count welcomed them warmly, honored them, and sent them back enriched with gifts.
Godfrey And Baldwin Help Hasarth
Ridwan, prince of Aleppo, faced hostility from a satrap commanding the castle of Hasarth. The tension escalated, leading the prince to gather troops and besiege the fortress. The castle’s lord, fearing he couldn’t withstand Ridwan’s wrath, sought help from the Franks. He sent a loyal Christian with gifts to propose an alliance with Duke Godfrey, promising devotion and offering his son as a hostage for trust. He pleaded for Godfrey’s assistance, promising future rewards. Godfrey, moved by the plea, allied with the castle’s lord and requested help from the count of Edessa, his brother. Ridwan had besieged Ezaz for five days when Godfrey, with his retainers and allies, quickly marched from Antioch to aid Ezaz.
The envoys sent to the duke believed they had successfully achieved their mission, securing their lord’s favor with the duke. However, they couldn’t personally inform their master due to the hostile camp surrounding the castle. They sent two specially trained pigeons with notes detailing their success to deliver the message. Once freed, the pigeons flew home and were captured by their caretakers. The messages were given to the governor, who had been overwhelmed by fear of the enemy. Upon reading the message, he was filled with hope and courage to initiate an attack on his foe.
The duke and his company had advanced a day’s march when Baldwin met them with three thousand well-armed fighters. Godfrey welcomed his brother with great love and affection. He shared details of the campaign, emphasizing the alliance with the lord of Ezaz. Baldwin approved but cautioned that Godfrey’s forces seemed insufficient to manage such a large siege. He advised calling on other leaders for assistance before proceeding.
who had stayed at Antioch. Reinforced by them, he could advance with more confidence. The duke listened to his brother’s advice and sent a messenger to Bohemond and the count of Toulouse. He urged them, as brothers, to come quickly and assist him for his ally. He promised to return the favor in time. He had already sought their help before leaving the city and invited them to join him. However, jealousy and the fact that the lord of Ezaz had first appealed to Godfrey led them to decline. On the second request, they realized they couldn’t refuse with honor. So, they gathered their troops, followed the duke, and joined the expedition. Once united, their total force was about thirty thousand fighters.
Ridwan commanded forty thousand Turks but lacked confidence in his strength. Fearful of our approach, as reported by his spies, he disbanded his army and returned to Aleppo. Meanwhile, Godfrey’s forces, unaware that the enemy had retreated, continued their march. Trailing behind were foot soldiers and knights from Antioch, seeking to join the legions. Unfortunately, many fell into well-laid ambushes by the enemy. Outmatched in strength, they were easily defeated, with many killed or captured.
Upon learning of this, the duke and leaders pursued the attackers. By chance, they intercepted them before they could retreat. The Christians fiercely charged, breaking their ranks swiftly. They rescued prisoners, killed many Turks, and captured countless more. The rest fled, leaving their numbers decimated. These forces were elite troops from Ridwan’s retinue, numbering about ten thousand.
After this victory, our army, unified once more, continued the march and finally reached its destination. The castle’s lord welcomed the forces with three hundred knights. In view of the legions, he knelt, thanking the duke and other chiefs. Publicly, he pledged loyalty to the Christian chiefs, swearing that no circumstance would sway his allegiance.
Thus, the duke successfully aided his ally, concluding the matter favorably. Baldwin, Godfrey’s brother, returned to Edessa, and the army went back to Antioch.
Ideas of Revolt Brew In Edessa
As the plague ravaged Antioch and mortality soared, the duke accepted his brother’s invitation to visit Edessa. Baldwin had warmly encouraged Godfrey to escape the August heat and avoid contagion. The duke, with his retinue and many needy people, eager to provide for them, went to his brother’s land. He stayed near Turbessel, Hatab, and Ravendal, enjoying the area’s freedom and his brother’s company. While there, local people, especially monks, complained about two Armenian brothers, Pakrad and Corasilius. They owned fortified places and imposed heavy exactions on the locals and monasteries. They even robbed messengers sent by the count of Edessa. The duke, angered by these accusations, dispatched fifty knights and locals to attack their strongholds, razing them to curb their arrogance. During his stay, many from the army and common people sought the count’s help against poverty. After the castle of Ezaz fell under protection, Baldwin welcomed and generously dismissed them, surprising even those who came for aid.
Christians began flocking to Edessa, causing annoyance due to their numbers. Despite initial hospitality, their domineering attitude troubled the citizens. Baldwin, relying less on local advisors, sparked resentment. Fearing he would seize their possessions, the locals conspired with nearby Turkish princes to kill or expel him. They hid their valuables in nearby castles. However, Baldwin discovered the plot through a loyal friend. Evidence confirmed the conspiracy, leading him to capture the conspirators. The ringleaders were blinded, some were exiled with their goods confiscated, and others faced financial penalties. Baldwin gained twenty thousand gold pieces, which he generously distributed to allies who helped him gain power over nearby areas. His reputation incited fear, prompting even his father-in-law to retreat to his mountain strongholds, fearing disputes over his daughter’s unpaid dowry.
Turks Attempt To Assassinate Baldwin
A noble of the Turkish race, Balas, once lord of Seruj, lived in the area and had been allied with the count. Before many Latins arrived, they were on friendly terms. Balas noticed Baldwin’s affection waning. Possibly due to resentment or citizens’ requests, he asked the count to personally receive the last fortress he controlled. He claimed Baldwin’s favor was valuable and planned to move his family and possessions to Edessa, pretending to fear his countrymen for befriending Christians. Persuaded, the count set a day to visit. He arrived with two hundred knights, while Balas had secretly fortified the castle with a hundred well-armed knights hidden from view.
When Baldwin reached the castle, Balas requested he bring only a few staff members inside, citing property risk if the entire force entered. His convincing plea nearly swayed the count. Fortunately, some wise noblemen sensed potential treachery and forcibly held Baldwin back, preventing his entry. They distrusted Balas’s intentions and advised caution. The count agreed and sent twelve brave, armed men to enter instead. Baldwin waited outside to observe the outcome. As soon as they entered, treacherous Balas’s hidden Turks attacked, capturing the knights. Distressed, the count approached the castle, urging Balas to honor his oath and release the prisoners in exchange for ransom. Balas refused unless Seruj was returned. Unable to act further, as the castle was impregnable on a steep precipice, the count returned to Edessa, angered by the betrayal.
Christians Eliminate Assassins and Traitors
The city of Seruj was under Fulbert of Chartres, a seasoned war strategist. He had a hundred knights ready for action. Hearing of his lord’s plight, Fulbert sought vengeance. He set an ambush near Balas’s castle. With a small escort, he pretended to steal cattle, luring the enemy to pursue him. The garrison noticed and chased him. Fulbert feigned retreat until he reached the ambush. His hidden men emerged, turning the tide. Some enemies were killed; others fled to the fortress. Six were captured. A prisoner exchange followed, trading six men for Christians. Four escaped, but two were executed. After this, Baldwin distrusted the Turks, refusing any alliances.
In the same area, a Turkish lord named Balduk had sold the fortified city of Samosata to the count. According to their agreement, Balduk was to bring his family and household to Edessa. However, he delayed with excuses, waiting for a chance to cause harm. One day, as Balduk approached the count with another excuse, Baldwin ordered his execution, preventing future treachery.
Other Notable Events In Interim
Godfrey lingered near Turbessel while events unfolded around Edessa. Meanwhile, the Count of Toulouse, with his followers and many poor people, left Antioch. Eager to avoid idleness, he besieged Albara, a fortified city in Apamea, two days from Antioch. The citizens soon surrendered. After conquering Albara and the nearby region, Raymond appointed Peter of Narbonne, a pious and honorable man from his staff, as bishop. He gave Peter half the city and district, grateful for establishing a Latin bishop in the East.
Following Raymond’s orders, Peter went to Antioch to receive consecration and full pontifical authority. Later, when Bernard, the first Latin patriarch, organized the Antioch church, Peter aligned his metropolis with it. He became archbishop and received the pallium from Bernard.
At this time, a nobleman named William was with the count of Toulouse. By chance, when Antioch fell, he captured the wife of Yaghi Siyan, the city’s governor, and her son’s two young children. Samsadolus offered William a large ransom for their release, and they were freed. Meanwhile, about fifteen hundred people from near Ratisbon in the Teutons’ kingdom arrived at St. Simeon. Unfortunately, all succumbed to an ongoing epidemic. For three months until December, the disease claimed over five hundred knights, with countless others perishing.
The Princes Reunite and Attack Maara
By November 1st, all leaders who had left to avoid the plague returned as planned. The city of Albara had been captured, and it was decided to attack Maara, a fortified city eight miles away. Action was necessary as the people’s demands to resume the march to Jerusalem were overwhelming. Preparations were made, and the counts of Toulouse, Flanders, Normandy, the duke, his brother Eustace, and Tancred set out to besiege Maara.
The citizens of Maara were arrogant due to their wealth and proud of having previously defeated many of our people. They mocked the Christian army, insulted its leaders, and desecrated crosses on their ramparts. These sacrilegious acts incited the Christians to greater fury. They launched a series of fierce assaults, and with more ladders, the city might have fallen by the second day.
On the third day, Bohemond arrived with large reinforcements, continuing the blockade and closing the town’s open side. Days later, frustrated pilgrims, delayed at Maara, constructed wooden towers, wickerwork protections, and hurling engines. Impatient, they boldly advanced their assault on the city. The defenders fiercely resisted, using missiles, stones, beehives, fire, and quicklime to repel the attackers. Yet, through God’s mercy, they inflicted few injuries on our forces.
The defenders’ efforts proved futile as their strength waned. Motivated by this, the Christians intensified their siege and attacked the city relentlessly from morning to sunset. Exhausted defenders became less cautious, allowing the Christians to attach ladders and scale the walls. Guelferus, a noble from Limoges, was the first to climb, followed by others. Some towers were captured, but nightfall halted further progress, delaying the city’s capture until the next day. Plans were made to resume the attack at dawn, with knights and leaders maintaining a night watch to prevent escapes.
However, undisciplined people, tired of famine and privation, entered the city unnoticed by elders, as no enemy was seen and silence enveloped the city. They found it undefended and secretly took all the spoils. Meanwhile, the citizens had hidden in underground caves for temporary safety.
Morning came, and the leaders took the city without battle but found little to loot. They discovered citizens hiding underground and built fires, forcing them to surrender. Some were killed, and others captured. During the siege, William, bishop of Orange, a devout man, died. The duke stayed in Maara for fifteen days before returning to Antioch with the count of Flanders, as his affairs required his presence.
Godfrey’s Assassination Attempt
Around this time, Godfrey, Duke of Lorraine, noticed the people preparing to leave and urging the leaders to head toward Jerusalem. Before departing, he decided to visit his brother for a pleasant conversation. He traveled with his escort to Baldwin’s kingdom. After visiting and finishing his business, he returned to Antioch, where other leaders awaited him. About five or six miles from the city, he stopped by a grassy spring to eat. As his companions arranged things, enemy cavalry suddenly emerged and attacked. The duke and his men quickly armed themselves and mounted their horses. A skirmish ensued, and by God’s grace, the duke emerged victorious, killing many and driving the rest away. Covered in glory, he continued to the city.
Arguments About Control Of Maara and Future Of Crusade
After Maara was taken, a fierce dispute arose between Bohemond and the Count of Toulouse. The Count wanted to give the city to the bishop of Albara, but Bohemond resisted, demanding the Count first surrender the towers at Antioch to him. Angered, Bohemond abandoned the conflict at Maara, returned to Antioch, seized the towers fortified by the Count’s followers, and took over the entire city as its sole lord.
Seeing his rival gone, the Count gave the city to the bishop as planned. While discussing its defense with the bishop, the people grew angry, believing the leaders were finding excuses to delay the pilgrimage. They complained that whenever a city was captured, the leaders fought over it. The people decided that if the Count left for any reason, they would destroy Maara to ensure nothing hindered their vows.
At the time, leaders gathered in Rugia, midway between Antioch and Maara, to discuss resuming the pilgrimage due to public pressure. The count attended, but no agreement was reached as leaders had differing views. Meanwhile, people in Maara, against the bishop’s orders, demolished walls and towers to prevent the count from delaying further upon his return. Though distressed, Raymond hid his feelings, recognizing their determination. People urged him to lead the pilgrimage, threatening to appoint a soldier if he refused. Complicating matters, a severe famine hit the army, causing some to resort to consuming unclean animals, and disturbingly, even human flesh.
Famine afflicts Crusaders
Pestilence was rampant among the pilgrims, as they were forced to eat unclean and harmful food, hardly fit for consumption. This severe famine was not brief; it persisted for over five weeks while they were stalled before Maara, attempting to capture it. Many distinguished men of high rank perished there, not just from the war, but also from various diseases. Among them was a promising young man, Enguerrand, son of Hugh, count of St. Pol, who succumbed to a serious illness.
Troubled in heart and mind, the count of Toulouse, a distinguished man, hesitated over his course of action. The distress of his endangered people weighed on him, and the situation exhausted him. A strong desire for the pilgrimage burned in everyone, and their persistent demands, with constant shouts and pleas, gave him no rest. To address both issues, he set the fifteenth day of the month to begin the journey to Jerusalem, hoping to satisfy the people’s demands and his conscience, despite knowing other leaders might resist this path.
To combat the growing famine, he led knights and soldiers into enemy lands, leaving some behind. Raymond sought crucial supplies. Invading a wealthy area, he attacked towns, burned suburbs, and returned with livestock, servants, and food, revitalizing the starving and supplying those at Maara.
Upon returning, the count hesitated as the people insisted on departing as planned. Understanding their urgency, he decided to act despite being alone in this decision. He set fire to the city, reducing it to ashes, and began the march with his followers.
Pilgrims Leave Maara
Since he had few knights, he asked the bishop of Albara to join the march. The bishop agreed and entrusted his affairs to a nobleman named William of Cumliaco, leaving him with seven knights and thirty foot soldiers. William managed these responsibilities so well that the number of knights grew to forty and foot soldiers to over eighty. His actions significantly increased his lord’s property.
On the set day, the count began the march without waiting for others. He had about ten thousand men, including only three hundred and fifty knights. The count of Normandy and Tancred joined him with forty knights each and many foot soldiers, becoming inseparable allies. Along the way, they found plenty of supplies for everyone.
As they traveled through Shayzar, Hama, and Emesa, known as Camela, local rulers provided escorts and well-stocked markets. Fortified towns and municipalities gifted them gold, silver, livestock, and ample provisions, preserving the countryside. The army’s strength grew daily with abundant resources. They acquired many horses through purchase and gifts, overcoming a previous disadvantage. Before meeting other leaders, they had over a thousand new horses for service. After several days inland, they decided to return to the shore route to easily check on the other chiefs left in Antioch and to purchase needed supplies from ships arriving from Antioch and Laodicea.
From the time they left Maara, everything went smoothly for the Christians. The only issue was brigands attacking the rear, targeting the sick and aged who lagged behind. Some were killed or captured. The count cleverly countered these attacks by sending Tancred, Robert, duke of Normandy, and the bishop of Albara ahead, while he and other warriors ambushed the brigands. When the attackers struck, the count surprised and defeated them, capturing horses, booty, and prisoners. Afterward, the Christians marched safely, well-supplied with essentials.
Throughout the region, every city or town the Christians encountered sent gifts to the army and leaders, seeking friendship treaties. Only one city, confident in its numbers and defenses, neither offered a market nor requested a treaty. Instead, they assembled to obstruct the expedition. Angered, the Christians attacked, quickly breaking their ranks, capturing prisoners, and taking the city by force. They seized flocks, herds, and horses grazing nearby.
At this time, envoys from neighboring rulers, seeking peace, observed the Christians’ strength and bravery. They returned home to report on the Christians’ habits and valor. Soon, they returned to the Christian camp with gifts of horses and various goods.
After several secure days in the middle region, the army descended into a plain near the sea, where an ancient city called Arka lay naturally fortified. The Christians set up camp near this city, located in Phoenicia, at the base of Mt. Lebanon, about four or five miles from the sea. The plain features fertile soil, lush pastures, and flowing streams. According to tradition, Arka was founded by Aradius, Canaan’s seventh son, and its name later became Archis.
The Christians’ strategic camping was guided by advice from captives within enemy lines. In the nearby maritime city of Tripoli, five or six miles from Arka, many Christians were held captive. Since the siege of Antioch, food shortages forced them to scavenge for provisions, leading to frequent captures. Consequently, almost every city and fortress in the area held some of their people as prisoners.
Crusaders Decide To Save Captured Allies At Arka
In Tripoli, over two hundred Christians were held captive. Upon hearing that a Christian army was nearing, they advised leaders not to bypass Arka. It should be besieged, as it could be captured quickly. Failing that, leaders might extract a large ransom from Tripoli’s ruler, potentially securing the release of prisoners. This strategy was adopted. The Christians swiftly moved to Arka, encircled it, and initiated a siege. Their aims were to verify the information and occupy time while awaiting the arrival of other expected chiefs.
A force of 100 knights and 200 foot soldiers, led by Raymond Pilet, left the camp to gather supplies. They headed to Antarados, or Tortosa, about 20 miles from Arka. Antarados is on the coast, near an island where the ancient city of Arados was famous for ages. The prophet Ezekiel mentions it in his writings to the prince of Tyre: “The inhabitants of Zidon and Arvad were thy mariners” and “The men of Arvad, with thine army, were upon thy walls round about.” Antarados is named for its closeness to Arados. Both are in Phoenicia and were founded by Aradius, son of Canaan, son of Ham, son of Noah.
Christians attack Tortosa
The count’s army launched a strong attack on Tortosa. The citizens resisted fiercely, and the Christians achieved little, deciding to delay further actions until morning. Anticipating reinforcements, they planned a stronger second attack. Fearing the arrival of more forces, the citizens fled with their families to the mountains for safety.
At dawn, unaware of the night’s events, the Christians prepared for another assault. However, they found the city deserted. Entering fearlessly, they discovered ample provisions and spoils. Laden with plunder, they returned to camp, sharing their success, which brought great joy to the entire army.
Crusaders Resume Pilgrimage
As March began, with the pilgrimage resuming soon, Christians in Antioch urged the leaders to start the journey. They implored Godfrey of Lorraine, Robert of Flanders, and other chiefs to lead the eager followers in fulfilling their vows. They praised the loyalty of the count of Toulouse, the duke of Normandy, and Tancred, who had faithfully guided the people of God. These words motivated the leaders to act, organizing baggage and preparing for the march. Knights and foot soldiers, eager to reach Jerusalem, gathered on March 1, with twenty-five thousand armed men assembling at Laodicea in Syria. Bohemond accompanied them to Laodicea but couldn’t go further, as he needed to protect Antioch, a city recently acquired and surrounded by enemies. Remembering his alliances and friendships, the prince accompanied them to Laodicea, showing great courtesy, hoping they’d remember him fondly. At Laodicea, he bid farewell, returning to care for the city entrusted to him.
Laodicea, a notable ancient coastal city, had Christian residents and was the only Syrian city under Greek emperor control. Guinemer of Boulogne, who had previously arrived at Tarsus of Cilicia where Baldwin, the duke’s brother, was in control, attempted to seize Laodicea. His forces were too weak, leading to his capture by the townspeople and imprisonment along with his men. Since Guinemer hailed from Godfrey’s father’s land and had aided Baldwin at Tarsus, the duke pleaded for his release. The Laodiceans, not daring to defy the duke, freed Guinemer and his men, and handed over their fleet. Godfrey reinstated Guinemer as commander and instructed him to shadow his land advance by sea, which he did.
Crusaders Refuse Caliphates Bribes
The army departed from Laodicea of Syria, joined by Christians from the city. Others from Antioch, Cilicia, and nearby areas, delayed by personal matters, also joined. They traveled along the shore to Gabulum [Jabala], also known as Gibelin, twelve miles from Laodicea, and set up a siege around the city. The Egyptian governor, a procurator of the caliph, offered the duke six thousand gold pieces and gifts to lift the siege. Godfrey refused the bribe, so the governor approached the count of Toulouse with the same offer. It is rumored the count accepted secretly. He then claimed a massive Persian force was approaching to avenge past defeats at Antioch under Karbuqa, using supposedly credible information from messengers.
He sent a delegation led by the bishop of Albara to the duke and count of Flanders, urging them to leave the siege of Jabala and quickly address the shared threat. Once informed of the danger, the leaders lifted the siege and proceeded swiftly with sincere intent. They traveled through Valenia, a coastal city near Margat Castle, and then Maraclea, the first Phoenician city from the north. Upon reaching Antarados, or Tortosa, by the sea, they found it deserted. They admired a nearby island west of the city, where some of their ships were harbored. From Tortosa, they took the shortest routes and soon arrived before the walls of Arka. Tancred met them to recount the count’s betrayal. After hearing this, the leaders set their camp slightly away from the others. The count noticed the other chiefs’ alienation and sent gifts to reconcile. Soon, all except Tancred, who accused him, were reconciled. The forces united around Arka.
Seige Of Arka
Before the duke’s arrival, the count’s efforts to capture the city were futile. He hoped the city’s fall would be swift with the new leaders, ending the siege. However, the outcome differed; divine favor did not aid the Christians. Despite repeated assaults and new tactics, they faced constant setbacks, understanding that divine support was absent in the Arka siege. Their sacrifices were in vain, with people and noblemen dying needlessly.
Tragically, two esteemed men met their ends at Arka’s walls. Anselm de Ribemont, a tireless war strategist, and Pons de Balazune, a noble ally of the count of Toulouse, both fell to a stone missile.
The people were detained at Arka against their will, eager to finish their pilgrimage. They were uninterested in the work and indifferent to the siege’s outcome, especially after the duke arrived. Even the count’s servitors and close friends, part of his retinue, were held there unwillingly by the count’s strong will. They eventually withdrew, hoping their absence would prompt the count to join the other leaders on the path of the Lord.
Authenticity Of The Lance
The Lance found at Antioch stirred debate. Was it truly the one that pierced the Lord’s side, or a fraud? Doubts plagued the people and leaders. Some believed it was the divine weapon revealed to inspire. Others claimed it was a cunning trick by the count. Arnulf, the count of Normandy’s friend and chaplain, fueled the controversy. A learned yet immoral man, he thrived on discord. Pilgrims debated this issue, torn between views. To resolve doubt, Peter, who claimed divine revelation, proposed an ordeal by fire. With God’s help, he aimed to prove no deceit was involved, affirming the divine revelation meant for the people’s consolation.
A massive fire was ignited, its heat enough to frighten those nearby. On the Friday before Holy Easter, the day commemorating the Savior’s sacrifice for humanity, people gathered, from all walks of life, to witness a significant test. Peter Bartholomew, volunteering for this perilous trial, was a cleric of modest education, perceived as a straightforward and honest man. He spoke to the assembled crowd and then, holding the Lance of the Lord, walked through the fire, seemingly unharmed.
His actions failed to dispel public doubt, instead raising more concerns when Peter died a few days later. Previously healthy, some claimed the trial by fire caused his untimely death, arguing he had doomed himself by aiding the deception. Others believed he emerged unscathed, but the enthusiastic crowd overwhelmed and injured him fatally. Consequently, the dispute remained unresolved and even more uncertain.
Crusaders Again Rebuke Caliphate
Our envoys sent to Egypt returned to the leaders after being detained there for a year. They had gone at the request of Egyptian legates during the siege of Antioch, as previously mentioned. Along with them came Egyptian envoys with messages differing greatly from their earlier mission. Initially, they sought our leaders’ support against the Turks and Persians. Now, their tone had shifted, suggesting they were granting a significant favor by permitting unarmed pilgrims to visit Jerusalem in small groups and return safely after their prayers.
The Christian leaders saw the message as an insult. They sent the envoys back with a refusal to send the army in small groups, as proposed. Instead, they planned to march on Jerusalem as a united force, posing a threat to their master’s kingdom. This shift in the Egyptians’ stance arose after our victory at Antioch. The Turks were in a dire state; their military was weakened across the Orient, and their once-great reputation was diminished. They consistently lost battles against other nations. As a result, the Egyptian king’s power grew stronger than the Turks’. The Egyptians, led by Emireius [Al-Afdal], recaptured Jerusalem, which the Turks had taken from them 30 years earlier. Seeing the Turks’ weakened state due to Christian efforts, the Egyptians no longer sought the assistance they once desired.
Crusaders Rebuke Emperor
Envoys from the emperor of Constantinople arrived with serious complaints about Bohemond. They claimed he was violating an agreement and oath by keeping Antioch. In front of the chiefs, they stated that everyone passing through Constantinople swore fealty to their lord, promising not to keep any fort or city, including Jerusalem, that once belonged to the empire. Instead, they were to surrender such places to the emperor. They had no memory of other treaty provisions.
An agreement was clearly made between the emperor and Constantinople’s leaders. The treaty included a stipulation for Alexius to immediately follow with his retinue and a large force to assist as needed. The leaders agreed that the emperor first violated the terms. Thus, he should lose any benefits under the treaty, as it was unfair to keep faith with someone acting against the pact. The emperor was obligated to gather his armies and follow the leaders promptly, ensuring pilgrims had trading opportunities and abundant wares along their route. He failed to fulfill these provisions, albeit easily achievable. Therefore, they insisted their actions regarding Antioch remain permanent, as they acted within their rights. It was also their wish that the rightful inheritor, granted by unanimous consent, retain possession forever.
The emperor’s envoys urged the army to wait for their lord, expected around July 1st, promising generous gifts to the chiefs and fair wages for the troops to maintain their dignity. A debate ensued among the leaders. The count of Toulouse favored waiting for the prince’s arrival, either truly believing it or using it as a pretext to delay the leaders and people until he captured the city he was besieging, fearing failure would disgrace him.
Others disagreed, advocating continuing the pilgrimage without delay to complete their mission, despite hardships. They believed it was wiser to avoid the emperor’s deceitful tactics, which they had often encountered, instead of getting entangled again in his clever evasions, fearing difficulties in freeing themselves later.
Over this matter a disagreement arose among the leaders, and, as
their wishes were totally diverse, it was impossible to bring them into
harmony.
Prisoners Released, Siege Of Arka Ends
The governor of Tripoli initially offered a large sum to persuade the Christians to lift the siege. However, upon learning of the leadership division, he retracted the offer and decided to challenge them in battle. The decision to fight was unanimous. The bishop of Albara and key leaders stayed to guard the camp at Arka, while the rest prepared for battle, marching towards Tripoli. They encountered the governor and citizens ready for combat, with cavalry and infantry positioned boldly. For over two months, the count of Toulouse had unsuccessfully tried to capture Arka. This failure led the people of Tripoli to dismiss the Christians, believing their famed bravery had diminished along with their usual steadfast courage.
Facing them, they launched a fierce charge, quickly throwing the opposing cohorts into chaos and forcing them to flee. Their relentless pursuit drove the citizens to seek refuge in the city, closely followed by the Christians. Seven hundred enemies were killed, while our forces lost only three or four men. On April 10, the army celebrated Easter.
After the victory, they returned to camp. The populace demanded the leaders end the siege and head to Jerusalem. This persistence led the duke, the counts of Flanders and Normandy, and Tancred to burn the camp and abandon the Arka siege. The count of Toulouse resisted but ultimately relented, and the march continued toward Tripoli to resume the pilgrimage. Some originally with Raymond’s camp now followed the other leaders.
Realizing he couldn’t change their minds, the count reluctantly joined them. After a five-mile march, they reached Tripoli and camped outside the city. The governor, responsible for the caliph’s affairs, shifted from his previous arrogance and sought peace. He offered fifteen thousand gold pieces, horses, mules, silks, precious vases, and freed Christian captives. The leaders agreed to leave his province and spare Arka, Tripoli, and Biblos. Additionally, the governor provided flocks, herds, and provisions to prevent the Christians from looting nearby fields.
Crusader Enlist Help Of Syrian Christians
High in the Lebanon range, above the cities to the east, lived Syrian Christians. They came to congratulate the pilgrims and express brotherly affection. Familiar with the region, the leaders consulted them about the safest route to Jerusalem. In good faith, the Syrians evaluated the routes and recommended the shore road as the most direct. This route would allow the pilgrims to receive assistance from their ships, which would follow the advancing army. The Christian fleet included Guinemer’s ships from Flanders, Normandy, and England, as well as vessels from Genoa, Venice, and Greece. These ships often came from Cyprus, Rhodes, and other islands, carrying goods useful to the legions.
The pilgrims, along with Syrian Christians, enlisted guides from the governor’s household in Tripoli. They traveled along the coast, with the Lebanon range to their left. After passing Jubail, they camped by a river near Maus. They took a day’s rest, waiting for those who lagged behind.
On the third day, they camped before Beirut by a river flowing past the town. The governor offered them money and plentiful provisions to spare the crops and trees, so they stayed for one night. The next day they reached Sidon, setting up tents by the river for water access. However, the city’s governor showed no courtesy and, overly confident in his strength, began harassing the army but failed. Our provoked people charged, killing some foes and forcing the rest to retreat into the city, ensuring a peaceful night. In the morning, it was decided to stay briefly for recuperation. Light-armed troops were sent to gather food from the countryside, returning safely with ample supplies and livestock except for Walter de Verra, who went further for more plunder and never returned, leaving his fate unknown and causing his comrades much grief.
Crusaders Reach Acre, Make Agreement With Governor
The initial part of the route the next day was hilly. Eventually, they reached flatter terrain. They passed the ancient city of Sarepta, linked to Elijah. They crossed a river and arrived at Tyre, the region’s famous capital, once home to Agenor and Cadmus. Here, they set up camp by the renowned fountain of the Gardens, a marvel. They stayed overnight in the lush gardens. The following day, they resumed their journey, navigating the narrow pass between mountains and sea, descending into the plain near Acre. By the river near the city, they set up tents. Acre’s citizens and governor welcomed them with gifts and a well-organized market. The governor was friendly, forming an agreement. If they captured Jerusalem and held it for twenty days or defeated the Egyptians, he would hand over Acre without resistance.
Pilgrims Near Jerusalem
From Acre, they traveled between Mt. Carmel and the sea, with Galilee to the left, reaching Caesarea, the capital of Palestina Secunda, once known as the Tower of Straton. They camped by a river originating in nearby marshes and celebrated Pentecost on May 28, less than two miles from Caesarea.
Three days later, the pilgrims continued their journey. Passing the coastal cities of Antipatris and Joppa [Jaffa] on the right, they crossed a vast plain, traversed the Eleutheria, and arrived at Lydda, or Diospolis. Lydda is known for the tomb of the martyr George. To honor him, Emperor Justinian had a church built there. However, the enemy destroyed this church before the Christians’ arrival, fearing they might use its beams as war machines.
Nearby, our leaders learned of a noble city called Ramlah. They sent the count of Flanders with 500 knights to assess the citizens’ stance and proposals. The party approached the city, found the gates open, and discovered it deserted. The citizens, warned of the Christians’ arrival, had left with their families the previous night, leaving the city empty. The count quickly sent a messenger to inform the legions, advising them to hurry to the city. After their prayers, the Christians marched to Ramlah, where they stayed three days, enjoying provisions. They appointed Robert, a Norman from Rouen, as bishop. He was granted Lydda and Ramlah, dedicating their efforts to the martyr George.
Reports had alerted Jerusalem’s inhabitants about our approach. They knew our sole aim was to seize the city, so they diligently fortified it. They competed in gathering food, weapons, wood, iron, and steel—anything useful for a siege. That year, the Egyptian prince reclaimed Jerusalem from the Turks. After hearing our army left Antioch, he ordered repairs on all towers and walls. To gain citizens’ loyalty, he gave them generous payments from his treasury and eliminated taxes. The people, eager for these benefits and their safety, complied with his wishes. They called on neighboring residents and reinforced the city’s defenses with many armed men.
Christian Citizens Expelled From Jerusalem
A large gathering took place in the grand hall of the Temple, where leaders met to discuss ways to prevent further advances from their adversaries. They initially considered killing all the Christian inhabitants and destroying the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to discourage pilgrims from visiting the holy site. However, they realized that such extreme actions might provoke even stronger retaliation from Christians, risking further violence.
Instead, they decided to demand a hefty tribute of fourteen thousand gold coins from the Christian residents of Jerusalem, the Church leadership, and nearby monasteries. Since the local Christians didn’t have enough money to meet this demand, the city’s patriarch had to travel to Cyprus to seek donations. He planned to gather alms and support from believers there to help relieve the heavy financial burden on Jerusalem’s Christian community, who were struggling under this oppression.
Yet even these demands failed to satisfy the infidels. After seizing everything from the faithful through torture and inquisition, they expelled them from the city, sparing only the elderly, sick, women, and children. Until our arrival, these exiles languished in nearby villages, constantly fearing death. Unable to enter Jerusalem, they found no safety outside, surrounded by persecutors. Villagers viewed them suspiciously, imposing degrading tasks upon them.
In the city beloved by God lived a devout man named Gerald, known for his piety. He managed the hospital where poor pilgrims received care and sustenance. The infidels suspected that Gerald had hidden funds and feared his potential threat upon our army’s arrival. Consequently, they beat him and imprisoned him, subjecting him to such severe torture that his limbs became nearly useless.
Pilgrims Nearly At Jerusalem
The army spent three days at Ramlah. They assigned guards to protect the fortified city from enemies and prepared to continue their march. At dawn, guided by knowledgeable locals, they reached Nicopolis. Nicopolis, a Palestinian city, is referred to in the holy Evangels as the village of Emmaus. According to St. Luke, it was threescore furlongs from Jerusalem. In the sixth book of the Historia trifartita, Sozomenus describes this place.
“After the Romans had conquered Judea and laid waste
Jerusalem, Emmaus was called Nicopolis in commemoration of that
victory. Before the city, at the crossing of the roads where Christ is
known to have walked with Cleopas after His resurrection as if on the
way to another village, there is a spring of health-giving waters. Here
the ills of men are washed away and the various diseases to which the
lower animals are subject are likewise cured. In explanation of this
belief, tradition says that on this same walk Christ appeared to His
disciples at that spring and himself bathed their feet in its waters; hence
from that time on it became a cure for all ailments.”
These are thestatements made by the historian mentioned above about the village
of Emmaus
Crusaders Take Bethlehem
The Christians spent the night peacefully with plenty of water and food. Around midnight, envoys from Bethlehem arrived, pleading with Duke Godfrey to send forces. Enemies from nearby towns were rushing to Jerusalem for safety and defense, causing fear among Bethlehem’s faithful that their church might be destroyed. The duke, moved by their plea, dispatched a hundred of his best light-armed horsemen to help. Tancred was to lead them. Guided by the envoys, they reached Bethlehem at dawn, where citizens welcomed them with honor. Accompanied by hymns, they were led to the church, joyfully observing the birthplace of the Savior. With great celebration, Tancred’s standard was raised over the church, signifying victory.
Meanwhile, those who stayed behind longed to continue. Knowing they were near the revered places, which inspired them to endure three years of hardships, kept them awake. They eagerly awaited dawn to witness the successful conclusion of their journey and the fulfillment of their pilgrimage. The night watches seemed unusually prolonged, almost encroaching on the next day. To their yearning hearts,
all delay was intolerable and perilous, for, as says the proverb, “To the
longing heart, no haste seems suficient“; and still another, “Desire increases with delay.”