Crusaders Prepare For Arrival Of The Seljuk Turks
The chaos finally settled, the city returned to calm, and even the victors’ swords grew weary of endless bloodshed. The leaders gathered, aware that much remained before their conquest was complete. Guards were stationed at the gates and ramparts, and they planned to ascend the mountain to attack the citadel. A herald announced that all cohorts were to climb the hill. Upon reaching the heights, it became clear that the fortified citadel was impregnable and could only be taken by starving it out, requiring many days. Realizing this would waste their efforts, they resorted to other strategies.
The mountain above the city splits with a deep valley. The eastern slope is lower and flattens into a wide plain, suitable for vineyards. The valley is so vast it seems like two mountains. The western slope is higher, forming a peak with the citadel fortified with walls and towers. A massive precipice rises on the east and north, making harm from those sides unimaginable. To the west, a lower hill with a narrow valley lies between it and the citadel. The only road from the citadel to the city runs through it, posing dangers even without attacks. The leaders decided to secure this hill to prevent the enemy from accessing the city. Valorous men were stationed there with supplies. A solid wall with engines was built to repel the enemy. The chiefs returned to the city for further discussions, planning to return later. All, except the duke, were to remain until the citadel fell. By consensus, Godfrey took charge of the east gate and the redoubt, initially overseen by Bohemond.
News arrived that Karbuqa, the great chief, would soon reach Antioch with 100,000 men, having already entered the land with his forces. It was decided to send a leader to the coast to recall those gathering food supplies. All available provisions were to be quickly brought into the city.
In the two days before Karbuqa’s army arrived, Christians diligently searched the surrounding area for food and fodder. Locals, knowing Antioch was in Christian hands, also brought what they could. However, the collected supplies were minimal, as the nine-month siege had depleted the district’s resources, leaving little to sustain the people even briefly.
Roger Of Barneville Is Killed During Raid
On the second day after the taking of Antioch, while the Christians were anxiously engaged in guarding and provisioning the city, three hundred knights from Karbuqa’s army, armed to the teeth and mounted on swift chargers, stationed themselves in ambush near the city. They were sent ahead to catch any of our people off guard outside the walls. Thirty riders on the fastest horses began to patrol before the city, acting unaware and careless. The Christians inside saw this and couldn’t contain their anger, feeling it would be disgraceful not to confront them. Roger de Barneville, a brave warrior with Robert, count of Normandy, rode out with fifteen followers to attack. He charged at the skirmishers, who pretended to flee. They retreated to where their comrades were hidden, who then joined forces and attacked Roger’s group, forcing them to retreat. Outnumbered, Roger and his men tried to return to the city, but the enemy’s horses were too fast. Mortally wounded by an arrow, Roger fell dead, deeply mourned by his followers. His comrades made it back, but the enemy, in full view of the city, beheaded the noble knight and left unharmed.
As soon as they departed, the Christians, amid universal tears and lamentations, brought his body into the city with fitting ceremony. Then, in the presence of the leaders and the entire people, the last offices due to mortal man were performed, and he was buried with great splendor in the porch of the basilica of the Prince of the Apostles.
The Armies Of The Seljuk’s Arrive
By dawn, on the following day, which was the third after the deliverance of the city, just as the sun was rising, that all-powerful prince, so often mentioned, had occupied the entire country as far as could be seen from the upper part of the city. With his numbers exceeding expectations, he crossed the upper bridge, setting camp between the lake and river, about a mile apart. His massive expedition and large forces barely fit the plain surrounding Antioch. Consequently, nearby hills were also filled with his tents.
On the third day after setting up camp near Antioch, he realized he was too far from the city. Wanting to support those in the citadel and enter Antioch through the gate below it, he moved his camp closer, covering the southern side from east to west. A redoubt on a hill, initially under Bohemond’s care, was later protected by the duke after Antioch was captured. The enemy camped around this redoubt, launching persistent attacks. Unable to endure their aggression, the duke led his men to aid the fort’s defenders. However, as he advanced, a large Turkish force attacked. Outmatched, he retreated into the city, pursued vigorously by the Turks. The panicked pilgrims blocked the entrance, causing chaos. Some were crushed, wounded, or captured, with about two hundred perishing.
The Turks saw the duke as the leader of the Christian army. His defeat thrilled them, inspiring greater acts of bravery. Using familiar bypaths, they descended through the upper citadel’s gate, launching a surprise attack on our forces. Unprepared, many were killed by swords or arrows. When Christians pursued, the Turks quickly retreated to the heights, reaching the citadel via alternative routes, avoiding the hill our forces had fortified.
This repeated tactic caused numerous city casualties, prompting leaders to seek a solution. Bohemond and the Count of Toulouse agreed to dig a deep ditch between the city and the hill’s slope. This barrier would prevent Turkish assaults from above, allowing city dwellers to find peace. To enhance protection, a redoubt was constructed, with all troops working diligently for their safety.
The Turks holding the citadel and those besieging the city continued using secret paths to attack the new fort. They launched repeated assaults, trying to destroy it. One day, a larger group of Turks descended to fiercely attack those inside. Without the swift assistance of city leaders and scattered residents, defenders like Bohemond, Evrard du Puiset, Ralph de Fontenay, Reibald Creton, Pierre, Albericus, and Ivo might have been captured. However, the duke, the count of Flanders, and the prince of Normandy quickly intervened, thwarting the attack. Many Turks were killed, some captured, and the rest were forced to flee the city. These fugitives returned, praising the Christians’ strength and courage. Thus in them seemed to be fulfilled the
prophecy,
“That thy foot may be dipped in the blood of thine enemies
and the tongue of thy dogs in the same,“
for even those who had persecuted them sang the praises of that faithful people.
Karbuqa stayed four days in the mountains. Realizing success was unlikely and forage for horses was scarce, he broke camp, moved to the plain, crossed the river at a downstream ford, and laid siege to Antioch with his forces. The next day, some Turks challenged our people, dismounted, and attacked the wall defenders, losing some of their number. Tancred made a sudden sortie through the east gate, killed six before they could remount, and forced the rest to flee. He brought their heads into the city to console the people mourning Roger de Barneville.
The Christian people, who had recently taken Antioch by force, now found themselves under siege—a common reversal in human affairs. Weakened by severe hardships, they faced an extreme famine. Outside, the threat of the sword loomed, while fear reigned within. Vast forces besieged the city, and the Turks still controlled the citadel, launching constant attacks. The faithful found no respite, and many, as a consequence of their sins, fell into despair. Forgetting their vows, some deserted their comrades, secretly escaping the walls using baskets or ropes to reach the coast. Some of these fugitives were captured and enslaved; others reached the sea, forcing ships to cut anchors and depart immediately. “This great prince,” they cried,
“who has come with his countless hosts, has
seized by force the city which we had just taken, our people have been
utterly wiped out and our leaders slain, but we, by the help of God,
have escaped their swords. Cut the ropes, then, and speed your light
lest they follow us to the shore and involve you in a similar fate.”
They boarded the ships, joining those already there. It wasn’t just the common people who fled disgracefully. Among the fugitives were notable men like William de Grandmesnil from Apulia, Bohemond’s brother-in-law; Albericus; William Carpenter; Guy de Troussel; Lambert the Poor; and others whose names are forgotten, having been erased from the Book of Life. Others, overwhelmed by fear and unable to endure hardships, sought refuge with the enemy, betraying Christ’s teachings. These renegades informed the Turks of the army’s state, almost endangering the Christians. Many in the city hoped to escape, but the bishop of Puy and leader Bohemond thwarted them. Trustworthy men were assigned to guard each gate and tower tirelessly day and night, preventing any escape. Everyone, from the least to the greatest, swore to obey Bohemond until Antioch’s siege ended. Bohemond, with his confidants, was vigilant, patrolling the streets, towers, and ramparts, ensuring no carelessness or treachery allowed the enemy entry.
There were four crucial forts to guard: the upper redoubt opposite the upper citadel; a second inside the city, beyond the defensive ditch against upper camp sallies; a third outside the east gate, built for camp protection before occupying the city; and a fourth at the bridge head, essential for recent Christian attacks on the Bridge gate. Initially guarded by the count of Toulouse, he entered the city post-Antioch capture. The count of Flanders, with 500 valiant men, took over, reinforcing the fort to prevent enemy control and ensure safe bridge passage, crucial for our people’s condition.
Karbuqa noticed our people had too much freedom in moving about. He saw the bridge fort as a major obstacle to his plans. So, he ordered two thousand knights to launch a strong attack. Quickly, they took positions around the redoubt wall. From morning until late afternoon, they fired arrows in ongoing skirmishes. The count and his men defended bravely. As evening approached, the attackers realized their efforts were futile and retreated. Fearing a larger attack the next day, the count set the fort ablaze overnight and withdrew with his men.
The next morning, the previous day’s attackers returned with reinforcements, only to find the fort abandoned and mostly destroyed. They had no choice but to go back without achieving their goal.
“moment it is to triumph over men like these! Let him relect what
must be the reputation of those whom so wretched a people boasts of
having conquered! Let him lay aside all care and throw the responsibility on me, for, in a short time, these filthy dogs will have ceased to exist. They will be utterly destroyed so that they will no longer be numbered among the nations.”
He ordered them delivered to men tasked with sending them, bound, to Persia with his comments. Confident he could conquer men whose valor was untested, he believed his words would bring glory. However, his disparaging remarks led to his downfall; defeated by a people he deemed contemptible, his disgrace was magnified. Typically, defeat is easier if vanquished by the valiant. Conversely, if beaten by the unworthy, the shame and ignominy are greater.
The City Besieged
The city was besieged, and the Christians couldn’t manage affairs outside, worsening their situation. With no food coming in, a severe famine struck. The lack of supplies forced people into desperate measures. There was no choice regarding food; all distinctions vanished. Whatever was available, at any price, was consumed to satisfy hunger. Nobles and freeborn alike shamelessly became uninvited guests, relying on others’ charity. Modesty left matrons; reverence abandoned maidens. Forgetting their birthright, with worn faces and plaintive voices, they searched for food, undeterred by possible rejection.
Some refused to let famine force them into begging, choosing instead to hide away and suffer alone, preferring death over public shame. Once strong men, known for valor and rank, were seen weakened, leaning on staffs, silently pleading for help. Children and infants, left at crossroads, sought food themselves because their caretakers couldn’t provide. Resources were nearly gone; everyone faced poverty. Even those with some wealth found it useless, as essentials were unavailable. People once generous now hid away to eat whatever food they could find, refusing to share. Desperate, they considered camel, horse, mule, and even diseased animal flesh as delicacies, trying to stave off hunger by any means.
The devastating famine struck not only the common people but also the leading chiefs, making it unbearable for them as they had more dependents and couldn’t deny help to those in need. While stories from that time remain with the elderly, detailing each chief’s struggles for Christ is beyond this historical summary. Yet, rarely in history have such leaders endured so much without protest. Surrounded by Karbuqa and his forces, Antioch was isolated. Christians inside were unable to leave and were drained by constant battles. Weakened by ongoing hardships and famine, they became less vigilant in defense. This led to a near breach by the enemy through a poorly guarded tower, near where the Christians had entered.
Some Turks, aiming to capture the tower under night’s cover, secretly placed ladders against the walls. They planned to enter the city as we had done before. Around thirty men climbed the walls intending to take the tower, finding it undefended. While they were at it, the watch prefect, patrolling the walls, stumbled upon them. He raised the alarm to nearby towers, shouting that the enemy had taken the tower. This uproar alerted the city watch. Among them was Henry d’Esch, a notable man, who rushed to the scene with two knights, Franco and Siegmar, relatives from Mechlin on the Meuse. They feared betrayal by bribery. With help from others, Esch attacked fiercely. The attackers resisted but were soon driven out. Four Turks died; the remaining twenty-six, who planned to let others in, were hurled from the ramparts. In this clash, chief Siegmar died, and Franco was mortally wounded, carried home nearly lifeless.
The ongoing food shortage increasingly tormented the besieged. As famine worsened, their suffering intensified. Some Christians, desperate and burdened, risked their lives to secretly leave the city, navigating enemy lines to reach ships at sea. Their aim was to buy food and return, though some left permanently, losing hope for those left behind.
The Turks soon discovered these secretive trips and laid ambushes, killing many. Success led them to send two thousand horsemen to seize sailors, destroy ships, and end this trade route, cutting off food supplies and hope. The Turkish cavalry executed their orders, burning ships and killing crews. This news alarmed merchants from Cyprus, Rhodes, and other regions, halting trade entirely. The Christians’ situation, already dire, worsened without even the slight relief previously provided by maritime trade.
Returning from the shore, the enemy encountered some faithful individuals. All were killed except a few who hid in thickets and caves. The news of this disaster, a harbinger of evil, caused our people as much distress as the cruel famine. Each time they heard about the catastrophe, their anguish was renewed. Exhausted by endless hardships, constant loss of friends, and bitter misfortunes, they began to despair of life itself. They became less cautious and less inclined to obey their chiefs.
Emperor Betrays Crusaders
William de Grandmesnil and his group reached Alexandretta, finding Stephen, Count of Chartres and Blois, who had lingered there under the guise of illness. They updated him on Antioch’s dire situation, exaggerating the hardships to avoid appearing as deserters for trivial reasons. Stephen, already inclined to cowardice, found their reports convincing. After discussing, they boarded ships ready at the harbor. After several days, they reached a coastal city and sought news of the emperor. Reports revealed he was en route to Antioch with large Greek and Latin forces, fulfilling his support agreement. Near Philomelium, about forty thousand Latins joined him, having recovered from previous hardships and inspired by the emperor’s presence. They eagerly anticipated rejoining their pilgrimage comrades.
Learning the emperor was waiting for reinforcements and preparing for the march, Count Stephen quickly joined the imperial army with his group via the shortest route. Upon arrival, he was honored but also surprised. The emperor had met him at the campaign’s start when Stephen joined with others, and they had developed friendly relations. In response to the emperor’s inquiries about the chiefs’ well-being and why he left them, Stephen answered as follows
“Your loyal servants, O invincible Emperor, who were permitted to
march through your empire a short time ago and were enriched by your
liberality, irst captured Nicaea and, after a successful march, arrived at Antioch. They besieged that city without ceasing for nine successive
months, and, inally, by the mercy of God, succeeded in taking it by
force. The citadel, however, still held out, for, situated on a high
mountain, it towers above the city and is absolutely impregnable. Our
people believed that the siege was over and they themselves delivered
from all danger, for the city had already been surrendered. But now a
new danger arose, much worse than the former, and they fell into far
greater peril than they had before experienced. “
Scarcely three days had passed after the occupation of the city
when Karbuqa, a powerful Persian general, came with a countless number of troops from the Orient, in multitude far beyond estimating.
He invested the city on every side. Entrance and exit were cut off in
all directions, and both leaders and people were visited with so many
alictions that they despaired even of their lives. “
The mind can scarcely conceive the vast numbers of that besieging
host, for, to put it briely, their ranks covered the entire country round
about the city like locusts, so that there seemed to be scarcely roQm
for their tents. Our people, on the other hand, have been so diminished
by famine, by cold and heat, by massacre and death, that the entire
host now concentrated in Antioch seems barely suicient for its defense. “
Moreover, the assistance which, up to this time, has been brought
to them by ships from your kingdom and from the islands and cities
on the coast has, as you know, been entirely cut off. For the enemy
sent out troops, who have seized all the country between Antioch
and the seaj they have almost entirely destroyed the leet, put the
sailors and traders to the sword, and thus have effectually deprived
our people of all hope of obtaining food by tradingIt is reported that there is in Antioch at present only enough food
to supply the needs of the people for one day. To complete the measure
of their woe, not even in the city have they any secure place where they
may take refuge. For the Turks are often secretly introduced into the
city through the fortress above, whence they make sallies into the very
heart of the town and attack the Christians in the streets and squares.
Thus our people suffer not less from these conlicts within the walls
than from those waged by the foe from without. “
Hence, we ourselves and these captains and men of noble rank
who are with us here realized that the undertaking in which our
brethren are engaged could not succeed, and we have often talked with them and advised them in a brotherly way to provide for their
safety. Since the divine will is not with them, they should cease to hope
to accomplish the impossible. When we found that we were unable
to move them from their purpose, we took means to provide for our
own safety, lest we also foolishly be involved in the same disasters. “
Now, if it seems good to you and to the illustrious nobles who surround you, give up your intention of marching to Antioch, that the
fortunate soldiers whom you are leading be not overtaken by the same
perils. For it is wiser to retire while your forces are intact before the
vast multitude which the whole Orient has furnished, without attempting this campaign, than to measure your strength rashly with such
numbers of valiant troops when the result is uncertain. “
These illustrious men here in your presence have shared the same
lot and can testify that our words are true. Taticius also knows this,
that shrewd and cunning man whom your magnificence sent with us;
for he perceived the weakness of our people and wisely withdrew from
connection with them, that he might inform your majesty of the situa- tion.”
In the emperor’s army was Guido, brother of Lord Bohemond. Hearing Stephen’s words, he was almost frenzied, lamenting his brother’s misfortunes. Initially, he wanted to contradict the count and accuse him of cowardice for leaving the great chiefs. However, William de Grandmesnil, Bohemond’s brother-in-law, managed to silence him. After hearing these words, the emperor gathered his nobles to decide whether to march on Antioch or return home. After extensive discussion, they agreed it was wiser to safely lead the army back rather than risk war with the kingdoms of the Orient.
The emperor trusted Stephen’s words, fearing Karbuqa might invade with rumored vast armies. This could reclaim Nicaea and Bithynia from the emperor’s control. To prevent this, he ordered provinces from Iconium to Nicaea to be burned and pillaged. If the enemy attacked, the desolated land, lacking inhabitants and supplies, would hinder them.
Stephen’s actions deprived Christians of crucial aid the emperor promised. Examining the count’s conduct reveals it as inexcusable and dishonorable. Yet, with divine guidance, it ultimately glorified God’s people and leaders. Those who sacrificed for the Lord deserved the resulting glory. Had the emperor been present, his authority would likely have ended the siege, claiming victory for himself. It seems the Lord ensured those who endured hardships would reap the rewards and achieve victory.
Rumors spread rapidly that the emperor had turned back, deepening the Christians’ despair. They despised Count Stephen and cursed William de Grandmesnil and all involved in the betrayal. They prayed that those who avoided shared hardships and deprived God’s people of help would suffer like Judas.
Karbuqa and his leaders, hearing the emperor was advancing, were anxious, fearing his power. When scouts reported the Greeks had retreated, Karbuqa grew bolder, tightening his grip on the besieged. The faithful inside faced new hardships, and hope of rescue vanished, leaving them in growing despair.
The army was under Bohemond’s command, but as he moved around the city, he couldn’t persuade anyone to leave their hiding spots. No one was willing to guard or fight, despite suffering from the infidels’ attacks. After repeated, futile efforts to rally the people, Bohemond realized further attempts were pointless. He ordered fires to be set around the city, hoping the flames would force people into action. This worked, and soon, everyone was eager to help.
Some leaders, fearing for their lives, secretly planned to abandon the people and escape to the coast. However, the duke and the bishop of Puy learned of this and reprimanded them, warning that desertion would bring lasting disgrace on their honor and lineage.
At this crisis, there was such a lack of food among the people of God,
such desperate straits of famine, and such pressure on the part of the
enemy, both within and without the walls, that there seemed to be
no remedy or help anywhere. Great and small alike were involved
in the same disaster and thus could render no assistance to one another.
When they thought of the wives and children they had left at home,
and the broad ancestral estates which they had forsaken for love of
Christ, they gave way to complaints against the ingratitude of the Lord,
because He regarded not their labors and true devotion, but suffered
them, like a people alien to Him, to be given over into the hand of
their enemy.
The Holy Lance
As the people of God suffered, the Lord heard their groans and sent comfort from His majesty. A cleric named Peter from Provence approached the bishop of Puy and the count of Toulouse. He claimed that the apostle Andrew had appeared in dreams, urging him to inform the leaders that the Lance which pierced Jesus Christ’s side was hidden in the church of the Apostles’ Prince. They were to diligently seek it at the indicated spot. Peter relayed the command he swore was given to him, insisting the apostle had compelled him under threat. Despite his poverty and lack of learning, he could no longer resist the apostle’s urgent command, even at the risk of his life.
The leaders received the confidential message, and Peter was summoned to explain the command’s details. Convinced by his account, they gathered at the designated church location. The ground was excavated, revealing the Lance as Peter described.
Hearing the news, the people flocked to the church, feeling divine comfort. They brought gifts to honor the find. Relieved, they regained strength to follow divine commands. Some claimed visions of angels and apostles, which supported faith in Peter’s dream, lifting the people’s spirits remarkably.
The Princes Vow Fidelity To Each other
At the suggestion of venerable, God-fearing men, the chiefs renewed their vows, swearing loyalty to each other. They promised that if the Lord rescued them from their current crisis and granted victory over their enemies, they would remain united until, with God’s help, they restored the Holy City and His sepulchre to Christian faith and its former state of liberty.
For twenty-six days, the people endured unbearable conditions. Encouraged by renewed hope, they found strength in their resilience. Everyone agreed that their suffering must end. They needed to confront the enemy immediately, relying on divine strength to repel the invaders. The city, a gift from the Lord, had to be liberated. It was wiser to face battle than to suffer from prolonged famine and continuous misfortune.
This was the shared sentiment: they had to march and fight the enemy. This view wasn’t limited to the nobles; the common people also felt the same. They accused their leaders of inaction and urged against any delay.
The leaders acknowledged that the people’s fervor was inspired from above. They deliberated and agreed to send a deputation to the enemy’s commander in chief. The proposal was for him to choose: either depart, leaving the city to the Christians, as it was originally theirs and now restored by God’s will, or prepare for battle and accept the outcome of the sword.
Peters The Hermits Negotiates
Peter the Hermit, a man of revered life, was chosen for this mission. His associate was Herluin, wise and discreet, knowledgeable in Persian and Parthian languages. They were tasked with delivering the proposition. If the prince chose battle, he could decide on single combat with a Christian chief, have a certain number of his men fight the same number of Christians, or engage in a full-scale battle with both armies.
A temporary truce was arranged to send a deputation. The two men set out for the prince’s camp with their escort. They found Karbuqa with his chiefs and satraps. Peter the Hermit, despite his small stature, was of great spirit. He carried out his task faithfully and vigorously. With fearless demeanor, he approached the Persian satrap, disregarded any obeisance, and delivered the ultimatum:
“The sacred assemblage of leaders, beloved of God, who are at Antioch,
have sent us to warn your highness to desist from molesting them and
to cease besieging the city which divine mercy has restored into their
hands. This city was called out of idolatry by Peter, the prince of the
apostles, that wise and faithful dispensator of our faith. Through the
power of miracles and by the gracious words of exhortation in which
he excelled, Antioch was converted to the faith of Christ and given
to us as a peculiar right. This city, which you took from us by force,
not by right, the Lord, strong and mighty, has now restored to us.”
“Therefore, with a deep sense of the responsibility due to the heritage
of our fathers, the intimate abode of Christ, the Christian leaders offer
you the opportunity of choosing one from the several propositions
which we are about to place before you. Either withdraw from the siege
and cease troubling the Christians, or, the third day hence, try the
ordeal by battle with them, when the sword shall be the judge. Moreover, lest perchance you should try to avoid the engagement offered by inventing some reasonable excuse, they give you the option of choosing one of several propositions. You may yourself meet one of our chiefs in single combat and, if victorious, obtain all, but, if vanquished, leave us in peace. Or several of your knights may ight with the same number of ours, under the same terms j or, again, the entire hosts on
both sides may try the result of battle.”
But the prince spurned their proffered challenge and is reported
to have said
“It does not seem to me, my Peter, that the leaders who
have sent you here are in a position to propose options to me, or to
force me to make a choice according to their will. By our prowess
they have been reduced to a condition where they have no freedom
of choice but must carry out or abandon their own wishes in accordance
with my good pleasure.”
“Go then and say to those foolish leaders, who do not yet realize
their situation and have therefore sent you to me, that I shall save
all those who are in the lower of youth of either sex, for the service
of my master. All others, however, I shall cut down with the sword
like dead trees, so that no memory of them may survive. Had I not
preferred to leave them to die of cruel hunger rather than to destroy
them by the sword, I should long ago have broken down the walls and
taken the city by storm, and they would have gathered in the fruit of
their ways under the blows of the avenging sword.”
When Peter assessed the prince’s mindset and noted his arrogance from immense wealth and military strength, he left Karbuqa and returned to his people. Upon arrival, he intended to deliver the message to the leaders. Everyone was eager to hear the response and the outcome of his mission.
Peter planned to share a detailed account of his meeting with Karbuqa, highlighting the prince’s threats and arrogance. However, Godfrey worried about the impact on the already weary populace. Fearing they might be overwhelmed by fear, he stopped Peter and suggested he only summarize Karbuqa’s demand for war. The focus should now be on preparing for the impending conflict.
The people quickly learned from Peter’s account that the enemy sought battle. Everyone, from the least to the greatest, eagerly desired to fight. The report was received with such joy that they seemed to forget the hardships they faced. With words and gestures, they showed unity in heart and mind, and battle was set for the next day.
Joyfully, everyone returned to their places, spending a sleepless night in anticipation. They prepared their weapons, readied their horses, cleaned armor, fitted shields, and sharpened swords. There was no time for rest. A public announcement declared that at dawn, before sunrise, each man should be armed and ready to join his legion and follow his commander’s standard.
The Priests Rally The People For Battle
At break of dawn on the morrow, moreover, the priests and ministers of God celebrated divine service in the churches and offered the sacriice. They then invited the people, after making confession according to custom in a spirit of humility and contrition, to fortify themselves against the perils of the world by the body and blood of Christ. Thus, when all sins had been forgiven and hatred, should any exist, laid aside, their hearts transformed with more perfect love, they would march forth to battle with more assurance, as disciples and members of Him who said,
“By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love one to another.”
After the celebration of divine service, when all the legions had been killed with the divine gift, grace in wondrous fullness was showered upon them from on high. Those who, but yesterday and the day before, were listless and abject, emaciated and lifeless, so weak that they could scarcely lift their eyes or raise their heads, those who, lean with hunger and fainting under privations, were seeking hiding places without a thought of their former reputation, now voluntarily came forth in public. Casting aside cowardice, they bore their arms manfully, as if with strength renewed, while with their former customary boldness they discussed military matters and foretold victory. In that vast assemblage there was scarcely a person, no matter what his age or condition, who was not planning valiant deeds, not one who did not spring to arms and prophesy success for the Christians
The priests, dressed in their sacred robes and carrying crosses and saint images, moved among the people. They promised forgiveness and pardon to those who fought bravely for the Christian faith. The bishops encouraged the army leaders with powerful speeches, blessing and entrusting them to God. Leading these was the bishop of Puy, dedicated to exhortation, fasting, prayer, and generous almsgiving, offering himself as a sacrifice to the Lord.
The Crusaders Leave The Gate
At daybreak on June 28, after seeking divine aid, everyone gathered before the Bridge gate. the crusaders who numbered nearly 100,000 strong at the beginning of their pilgrimage, now numbered only 20,000. They where outnumbered 5 to 1. Before leaving the city, they organized into battle formation and set the order for the legions. Hugh the Great, brother of the French king, led the first corps as commander and standard-bearer, alongside Anselm de Ribemont and other nobles. Robert, known as the Frisian, count of Flanders, led the second division. Robert, duke of Normandy, commanded the third division with his nephew Stephen, count of Aumale, and other nobles. Lord Adhemar, bishop of Puy, led the fourth unit, including his followers and those of the count of Toulouse, carrying the Lance of the Lord. Reinard, count of Toul, led the fifth division with Peter de Stenay, Count Garnier de Grey, Henry d’Esch, Reinhold von Ammersbach, and Walter de Dommedard. The leaders appointed Rainbald, count of Orange, Ludovic de Moncons, and Lambert, son of Conon de Montague, over the sixth division. Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, with Lord Eustace, commanded the seventh division, organizing it with military discipline.
The eighth division, led by Tancred, was known for his noble character and military skill. The ninth was commanded by Count Hugh of St. Pol, his son Enguerrand, Thomas de La Fere, Baldwin du Bourg, Robert son of Gerard, Renaud de Beauvais, and Galo de Chaumont. The tenth division was under Rotrou, count of Perche, Evrard du Puiset, Drogo de Monci, Ralph son of Godfrey, and Conon Roto. Isoard, count of Die, Raymond Pilet, Gaston de Beziers, Gerard de Roussillon, William de Montpellier, and William Amanjeu led the eleventh. The twelfth, larger than the others, was commanded by Lord Bohemond, who was tasked with supporting the front and protecting those under heavy enemy pressure.
The count of Toulouse was gravely ill, so he remained to guard the city. The Turks still held the citadel, posing a threat of attack on the defenseless populace in the absence of the chiefs. Opposite the citadel, the Christians constructed a strong wall of cement and stone with outworks, equipped with hurling machines. Two hundred well-armed men were stationed there to defend it.
The leaders agreed that Hugh the Great, the count of Flanders, and the duke of Normandy would lead the main army. The infantry marched first, followed by the cavalry as a guard. A warning was issued forbidding anyone from seeking spoils, emphasizing the focus on defeating the enemy. Once victorious, they could then collect the plunder with a clear conscience.
Karbuqa anticipated a sudden Christian attack, especially after Peter’s visit. He coordinated with the Turks in the citadel to alert his camp if the Christians prepared for a sortie, using a prearranged signal. As our forces began forming lines early in the day, the Turks noticed and signaled the camp. Karbuqa sent two thousand knights to engage us at the bridge and block our exit. These knights dismounted to attack and use their bows effectively, taking control of the bridge’s far end. The Christians organized their lines strategically, unbarred the gate, and marched out in formation.
As the enemy forces tried to stop our advance, Hugh the Great, leading the first contingent, sent forward infantry and bowmen for a strong attack. Initially, the enemy resisted, but soon they fled in disarray, unable to withstand our troops. Hugh pursued fiercely, barely allowing them to remount their horses. Anselm de Ribemont, renowned and positioned in the front line, attacked bravely. Ignoring his safety, he charged into the enemy, overthrowing some and striking others down, catching the attention and admiration of all. Inspired by his bravery, Hugh the Great, Robert of Flanders, Robert of Normandy, Baldwin of Hainault, and Eustace rushed to support him. Together, they charged, scattering the remaining enemy forces and pursued them close to their camp, inflicting severe losses.
As our troops left the city, an extraordinary event occurred. Prepared for action, they were moving out when some enemies blocking their exit were killed, while others fled. At that moment, a gentle dew fell upon the Christian army. Refreshing and sweet, it seemed as if the Lord was blessing them. Those touched by this heavenly rain felt immense joy and strength, as if they had faced no hardship. This was true for both men and horses. Despite surviving on leaves and bark, the horses regained full vigor, surpassing the enemy’s horses fed on barley. The hope and endurance inspired by this dew was so strong that it could be said of them:
They doubted not, in fact, that they had visibly received the grace of the Holy Spirit.
When the legions left the city, the chiefs decided to extend the lines to the mountains, about two miles from Antioch, to occupy the plain. There was a risk that the enemy, with their numbers, might come between our troops and the city, surrounding us and cutting off retreat. The Christians advanced slowly, maintaining order in their ranks. By divine power, the Christians, who seemed fewer inside the walls, appeared equal or greater in number outside. This miracle, like the multiplication of loaves, showed divine favor on their mission. Priests and Levites, in white vestments, carried the cross into battle. Others stayed in the city, praying fervently on the walls for protection, asking the Lord to spare His faithful and not let them be shamed by the Gentiles.
Karbuqa learned from signals on the citadel and fleeing forces from Antioch that the Christians were advancing. Alarmed by a situation he once mocked, he called a meeting with his elders and military leaders. Taking the Antiochenes’ experience into account, he organized his troops, carefully distinguishing between the advance guard and those following. One strategic move was sending a highly efficient and brave corps, led by Qilij Arslan, towards the seashore before the Christians could occupy the entire plain. This maneuver aimed to trap the Christians between advancing forces and those cutting them off, crushing them like millstones.
Karbuqa positioned his forces on the right and left, each under a commander. He instructed them to win his favor by maintaining their valor and fighting bravely. They should dismiss the efforts of an unwarlike, hungry mob as insignificant. Once our forces occupied the plain securely, the trumpets signaled, and our troops, led by standard-bearers, advanced toward the enemy. When close enough for the enemy to shoot arrows, our first three lines rushed forward, attacking with swords and lances. Foot soldiers with bows and ballistae led the cavalry, charging fiercely. The cavalry followed closely, protecting the vanguard. As the first lines fought vigorously, those behind supported them with equally strong charges, motivating the vanguard to even greater bravery.
The Christian forces, except Bohemond’s rear ranks, engaged the enemy valiantly. Many Turks fell, and their lines were in disarray. The duke’s unit routed the enemy’s strongest cohort. At this point, Qilij Arslan returned with his legion, attacking Bohemond’s contingent fiercely, showering arrows like hail. Switching tactics, they charged with clubs and swords, nearly overwhelming Bohemond’s lines. He and a few comrades fought bravely amidst the chaos. The duke and Tancred arrived just in time to support Bohemond. Their arrival weakened the enemy’s resolve, and the Christians counterattacked vigorously. Seeing they couldn’t withstand our forces, the enemy set fire to the dry grass, creating dense smoke. This hindered our pursuit as smoke and dust blinded us, allowing the enemy to attack and kill some foot soldiers. The knights, however, evaded the smoke with their swift horses and rejoined the fight. Bolstered by divine aid, they ultimately forced the disorganized infidels to retreat. The pursuit continued until the enemy withdrew to their lines.
Near the battle scene was a valley where a mountain torrent flowed in winter. Our forces had pushed the enemy past this stream. On a nearby hill, the enemy tried to regroup with trumpet and drum. Our leaders quickly pursued them. In the rear, where the main battle occurred, Duke Godfrey, Bohemond, Tancred, and other nobles defeated Qilij Arslan’s forces with divine help. Meanwhile, the vanguard, led by Hugh the Great and the Roberts, counts of Flanders and Normandy, overcame their opponents. These warriors crossed the valley, forced the enemy from the hill, and drove them into disorder once more.
From the start, Karbuqa stayed apart from the crowd, positioned on a hill. Messengers constantly reported on the battle’s progress. Anxiously awaiting the outcome, he saw his legions disorganized and fleeing. Panic-stricken by the disaster, his followers urged him to ensure his safety. Without concern for his people, he left the camp in haste, using a relay of horses to escape to the Euphrates. Even after crossing, he felt unsafe. Abandoned and without leadership, the enemy lost courage and strength, fleeing to avoid their pursuers. Our forces didn’t chase far to preserve their horses, but Tancred and a few others pursued for miles, causing significant damage until sunset.
So deeply had divine power impressed fear upon the hearts of these fugitives that they did not try to make a stand or to repel the attacks of their assailants. For ten of our people seemed to them as many thousands, nor was there anyone to give them counsel as they led before us. This fact plainly proves that “there is no counsel against the Lord,” The truth of the proverb, “God hath not forsaken them that hope in him,” was likewise made manifest in this same experience, when a people, needy and almost perishing from famine, were able, solely by the aid of God, to defeat such a host of strong warriors and, far beyond any hope of their own, to confound in one battle the
entire strength of the Orient, which knew not God.
After the battle, victorious, our people returned to the enemy’s camp. They found a wealth of necessities and vast Oriental treasures. The gold, silver, gems, silks, and garments were beyond measure, not to mention superb utensils. They discovered horses, livestock, and abundant food and grain, overwhelming those who were recently destitute. They took enemy tents and pavilions, desperately needed since their own were ruined by rain. They seized treasures and returned to Antioch with maidservants and children left by the Turks. Among the spoils was the commander in chief’s pavilion, a marvel of fine silk resembling a city with turrets and walls. The central hall had connecting rooms, like streets, accommodating two thousand men.
Laden with spoils, the Christians brought their plunder into the city, celebrating a solemn day of triumph. They gave thanks for the victory after enduring many hardships. The Turks in the citadel, realizing defeat and lacking hope, surrendered and allowed Christian standards on the towers. They negotiated to leave unharmed with their families and belongings. Through God’s grace, the Christians gained the citadel. Previously impoverished, they now had abundance. Even the powerful, like Count Hartman, were reduced to begging, receiving bread as a favor. Henry d’Esch, another noble, survived hunger only as a guest of the duke. The duke himself struggled without horses, borrowing one to join the conflict. Godfrey and other leaders had spent all their money on charity and public welfare.
On the day of battle, many noble knights, known for their noble birth and valor, fought on foot or rode asses and other beasts, having depleted their resources and lost their horses. Yet, before the sun set, God in His mercy granted them victory over their enemies, blessing them with abundant wealth. It mirrored the ancient story of Samaria, where wheat and barley were sold for a mere coin. By evening, those who had little in the morning had enough to sustain many.
This battle occurred in the year of the Incarnation of the Lord 1098,
on the Twenty Eighth of June.
After the leaders returned from the battlefield and peace was restored, the first focus was on the churches. The bishop of Puy, as protector of the army, felt a strong responsibility for this work. Other priests cooperated, and the people eagerly assisted. The main church, dedicated to the prince of the apostles, and other churches of Antioch were restored to their original dignity. Clergy were established to continually perform divine services.
The Turks had desecrated these sacred places, driving out ministers and misusing the churches. Some were used as stables, and other unsuitable activities took place. Pictures of revered saints, which served as symbols for the devout, were defaced. The Turks had destroyed these images as if they were living beings, gouging eyes and mutilating features. They toppled altars and defiled the sanctuary with impious acts.
The clergy were quickly restored to their former church positions, with funds allocated for those serving the Lord. Gold and silver taken from the enemy were used to create church items like candelabra, crosses, and chalices. Silks were offered for priestly garments and altar coverings.
Patriarch John, who endured hardships from infidels, was returned to his position. Bishops were appointed in nearby cities that once had cathedral status. It was decided not to elect a Latin patriarch while John, the previous holder, was alive, to avoid having two patriarchs, which goes against sacred canons. Two years later, John left Antioch for Constantinople, acknowledging his challenges as a Greek ruling over Latins. Following his departure, the city’s clergy chose Bernard, bishop of Artasium, as patriarch.
According to the initial promise, power over Antioch was given to Bohemond, except by the count of Toulouse. He kept control of the gate near the bridge with its towers and stationed his own garrison there. Later, after the count departed, Bohemond expelled these soldiers and seized the area, as will be detailed below. Bohemond’s men honored him with the title of prince, and from then on, the lord of Antioch was known as a prince.