Enemy’s Reinforcements Attack
The citizens of Antioch and their lord were alarmed by their situation. They observed the pilgrims’ steadfast endurance and perseverance despite hardships. Hunger and cold didn’t deter them; instead, the Christians pressed on toward their goal.
The citizens repeatedly sent pleas to neighboring princes, urging them to aid their brethren. They advised a strategy: allies should hide in ambush until the citizens engaged the enemy at the bridge. Then, during the skirmish, those in ambush would attack the Christians, hoping to trap and defeat them.
A large force gathered from Aleppo, Shayzar, Hama, Emesa, Hierapolis, and nearby cities. Quietly, they approached Harenc, near Antioch, planning a surprise attack. However, local allies informed the leaders of the troops’ approach. Forewarned, the chiefs decided that at dusk, knights with fit horses would leave the camp stealthily, following their leaders’ standards. The infantry would stay to protect the camp until the knights returned.
At early nightfall, as planned, the chiefs left the city via the bridge of boats. With just seven hundred knights, they moved to a spot between the lake and the Orontes river, about a mile apart, where they rested. The enemy, unaware of our advance, also crossed the river that night via the upper bridge.
The next day, at first light, the Christians armed themselves, forming six squadrons under their leaders. The Turks were nearby, having learned from scouts of our approach. Two detachments were sent ahead, with the main troops following.
Though the Christians numbered only about seven hundred, divine will made them appear as countless thousands, as if extra forces had been provided from above.
As the enemy’s legions advanced, the foremost ranks charged violently at our lines, unleashing a hail of arrows before retreating. Our men ignored the attack and advanced, brandishing lances energetically. They fell upon the infidels with swords, forcing them into a tight space between the lake and river. The Turks, unable to move freely or use their arrow tactics, were crowded and fearful of the swords. Overwhelmed, they chose flight as their only escape. Our men pursued them eagerly to the town of Harim, ten miles away, inflicting terrible slaughter during the retreat.
The Crusaders Destroy The Reinforcements
Seeing their forces routed and nearly all fallen to the victorious Christians, the townspeople feared staying in the citadel after such a disaster. They set fire to the place and fled. The Armenians and other local Christians took control and handed it to our leaders before they returned to camp. About two thousand enemy soldiers perished that day. Encouraged by the double victory, the Christians gave thanks and returned to camp with the heads of five hundred enemies and a vast amount of spoils, including a thousand valuable horses.
That entire night, Antioch’s people awaited the promised aid. They anticipated dawn, planning to attack the Christians with their allies’ support. Expecting the Christians to be unprepared, they hoped for a surprise victory. As night faded, their allies had not appeared. Scouts noted some Christian leaders moving as if to meet them, prompting the citizens to mobilize and exit the gates. They fought fiercely for much of the day. Eventually, lookouts signaled that an army was approaching. Unsure if they were allies or foes, they returned inside to watch. As the troops neared, the besieged recognized the Christian forces, realizing they had defeated their expected allies, leading to lamentations over their dashed hopes.
Our forces reached the city and returned to camp, displaying victory by launching the heads of 200 slain Turks into the city. The remaining heads were impaled outside as a grim reminder to intensify the enemy’s sorrow. Captives revealed that about 28,000 allies had planned to aid Antioch.
This happened on February 7, in the year of the Incarnation of the Lord 1097.
Crusaders Build Stronghold And Receive Reinforcements
Our leaders decided to build a stronghold on a hill above Bohemond’s camp. This fortress would act as a barrier against any Turkish attacks and serve as an outwork for the camp. Once completed, a vigilant garrison was stationed there, securing the army as if protected by a fortified city’s walls. To the east was the new fort; to the south, the city wall and marsh; and to the west and north, the river flowing around Antioch.
After five months of siege, Genoese ships carrying pilgrims and supplies arrived at the river’s mouth. They awaited while messengers asked for leaders to ensure safe passage. The enemy was aware that our forces often wandered to the shore and that sailors wanted to reach the camp. They blocked roads and set ambushes, causing many deaths, so no one dared travel without a strong escort.
Crusaders Ambushed
The leaders decided to build a redoubt at the bridge’s head near a chapel linked to the infidels’ beliefs. This aimed to hinder the enemy’s movement. Many Christians had gone to the shore and planned to return once finished. Bohemond, the Count of Toulouse, Lord Evrard du Puiset, and Count Garnier de Grey were chosen to escort Egyptian envoys to the coast. On their return, they were to protect arriving pilgrims and those from the camp. When Antioch’s citizens learned these nobles had left, they sent four thousand soldiers to ambush them. As the escort returned, accompanied by unarmed people and animals carrying supplies, the enemy attacked in narrow defiles. The Count of Toulouse led the advance, and Bohemond guarded the rear. Despite their valor, they couldn’t control the crowd or provide strength that nature hadn’t granted. They resisted for their honor and companions’ safety but realized further efforts were futile and endangered their lives. They withdrew to the camp with those who could follow. The people abandoned their packs and fled to the woods or hills. Those unable to escape were slain. Reports vary, but most agree around three hundred of all ages perished.
Godfrey Rallies The Crusaders
A report reached the camp that those coming from the seashore had been ambushed by the enemy and perished unexpectedly. No one knew if the commanders were alive. Duke Godfrey, energetic and quick to act, was deeply concerned for the people of God as if they were his own children. He called the chiefs and legions, ordering them to take up arms immediately. A herald announced that no one should be absent under penalty of death; all must arm themselves to avenge their fallen brethren. The troops quickly gathered and crossed the bridge of boats as a united force. Duke Godfrey organized them into companies, appointing Robert, count of Normandy, the lord of Flanders, Hugh the Great, and his brother Eustace as commanders. Each company was positioned under its leader. He then explained the situation and inspired their courage with motivating words.
“If it is true, as has been reported to us, that the enemy of the Christian
name and faith has triumphed over our lords and our brethren-the
Lord permitting it because of our sins-I perceive that nothing remains for us, illustrious men, but to avenge the great injury done to our Lord Jesus Christ or to die with them. Believe me, neither life nor safety is preferable to death or any kind of suffering, if the blood of these great lords has been poured forth upon the earth in vain, if so terrible a slaughter of people dedicated to God does not meet with
a swift vengeance. It seems to me that the infidels, somewhat elated
over this victory, will not exercise their usual caution. Confident of
their strength, they will not hesitate to pass through our ranks as they
return to the city with booty and plunder. For, just as an unfortunate
and desperate situation induces greater caution, so prosperity generally
renders rather careless those upon whom she is smiling for the moment.”
“If this seems good to you also, let us be prepared here; and, since
our cause is just, let us cherish a confident hope of victory through that
One for whom we believe we are fighting. Should the enemy try to
return through our ranks, let us receive him at the point of the sword,
and, in remembrance of the wrongs inflicted upon us, let us not fall
short of the valor of our fathers.”
This speech was approved and well-received. While reflecting on his words, Bohemond returned to the camp from the shore, soon followed by the count. The people welcomed their leaders with tears, relieved to retain the support of these great lords. Informed of the duke’s plan, both chiefs agreed it should be executed. Meanwhile, Yaghi Siyan, knowing his forces had won, worried about their return, aware that more legions had left the camp than usual. He issued an edict for all experienced in arms to gather at the gate by the bridge, ready to assist the returning townspeople if needed. Our leaders, on their part, had sent out scouts to make a careful examination of the route by which the enemy would probably return,
for they felt conident that the Lord would grant them the victory.
Crusaders Repel Enemy
The lines were drawn and standards raised. As they awaited the Turkish army, messengers urgently reported the enemy’s nearby position. With shouts, they urged arming and advancing. The legions moved forward, seeking divine aid and encouraging each other. Remembering their valor, the Christians attacked with spears. Persistently pressing the infidels in combat, they offered no respite, driven by past wrongs. Panic-stricken, the enemy lost courage and fled toward the city bridge. The Duke of Lorraine, experienced in such crises, had his troops seize an elevated position by the bridge. The retreating Turks faced death, either cut down or forced back into battle. The Count of Flanders, skilled in arms, pursued vigorously, toppling enemy ranks and avenging past wrongs. The Count of Normandy fought nobly, while the Count of Toulouse, Hugh the Great, Count Eustace, Baldwin of Hainault, Hugh of St. Pol, and other nobles attacked fiercely, depleting the infidel’s strength, leaving them helpless.
Yaghi Siyan sent his forces to fight, closing the city gates behind them. He aimed to inspire greater bravery, believing this would help, but instead, it led to their downfall. Unable to withstand our charge, escape was their only hope. Without it, many who might have survived were killed.
The camp was filled with the clash of arms, swords, and the noise of horses and shouting men. If not for the distinct appearance of the combatants’ arms, many could have faced deadly confusion.
The women of Antioch, their daughters, children, and the elderly gathered on the walls and towers. They watched the massacre below, mourning the loss of their loved ones with tears and groans.
“Happy the times that are passed,” they cried, “and fortunate those to whom kindly death granted the privilege of departing before they looked upon calamities like these.”
Mothers once seen as fortunate for having many children were now viewed differently, while barren women were considered lucky and happier than mothers.
Yaghi Siyan realized his people were defeated and ordered the gates opened quickly for their escape. As they fled, chaos ensued on the bridge, and many fell into the river. The Duke of Lorraine fought valiantly, performing a remarkable deed that made him famous. He pursued and split a knight in half, leaving a lasting impression. The enemy lost about two thousand men. If night hadn’t fallen, Antioch’s siege might have ended then. Blood was so thick around the bridge and river that it turned the water red. Christian citizens later confirmed that twelve key Turkish leaders were killed, a significant loss for the city.
When day returned, the leaders gathered to thank God for the victory and discuss important matters. They decided to proceed with their plan to build a fort at the bridge’s head. This would prevent citizens from leaving and provide safety for our men. There was a chapel used by the Turks, where they buried their dead. During the night and part of the day, they brought bodies there for burial. Knowing this, our people forced entry, hoping for spoils. They opened tombs, taking gold, silver, garments, and even bodies.
This revealed accurate enemy losses, previously unknown due to the night battle. The Christians’ joy increased with this knowledge. Besides those drowned, buried in the city, or fatally wounded, fifteen hundred bodies were found in the cemetery. About three hundred heads were sent to the port, bringing joy to our returning people and serving as a warning to the Egyptian deputies still in the harbor.
Many Christians who had escaped the previous day’s dangers hid in mountain caves and forest thickets. They rushed to the camp upon hearing of our victory. By God’s will, many soldiers thought lost in battle returned safely. Once those in hiding came back, a fort was built at the bridge head using stones from tombs. Everyone zealously helped construct the fort, reinforcing it with a solid wall and deep ditch.
The chiefs discussed garrisoning this place, but no one wanted the responsibility, offering various excuses. The count of Toulouse, beloved of God, volunteered and took charge of the new fortress for the common good. By doing so, he regained the expedition’s goodwill, which he’d lost over the year. The previous summer and winter, he had been ill and inactive, while other leaders tirelessly managed the army. Lacking affability and generosity, he stood out, especially being wealthier than others. To amend his past conduct, he willingly took on this duty. He also gave the bishop of Puy and other nobles 500 marks of silver to replace lost horses.
As a result, his followers, assured of compensation for their horses, fought with bravery and initiative. The sentiment against the lord count softened, and he was hailed as the army’s father and preserver.
Crusaders Completely Surround Antioch
The gate of the Bridge was blocked by a new fortress, where the count stationed five hundred men. Citizens could only exit with great risk, while our people moved more freely. The enemy could leave Antioch only through the west gate, between the mountain and river, which posed little danger since our camps were across the river. However, the besieged still received supplies. To address this, leaders met and decided to build fortifications across the river. A chief would be stationed there to hinder enemy movement. Though all agreed on the fortress, no one volunteered to guard it. Eventually, Tancred, full of energy, was chosen. He hesitated due to lack of means, but the count of Toulouse offered him a hundred silver marks for construction, and forty marks monthly for his associates.
A fort was established by the gate on a hill where a monastery once stood. Strong men guarded it, and thanks to Tancred’s efforts, it remained secure throughout the siege. A few miles from Antioch, near the Orontes River, lay a secluded area with lush pastures. The enemy had moved their horses there due to a fodder shortage in the city. Once the Christians learned this, they quietly sent horsemen along secret paths. They attacked, killing the knights guarding the cattle, and captured two thousand fine horses, plus mules, which were invaluable as most of their own horses had perished.
The city was surrounded, making it difficult for inhabitants to leave and manage affairs outside. They faced numerous challenges as food supplies dwindled, leading to anxiety. Fodder was also scarce, causing horses to weaken and struggle with tasks. Meanwhile, our people could venture to the seashore freely, easing food shortages that had troubled the army during winter. With spring’s arrival, the sea calmed, and ships could sail smoothly. Warmer weather made roads passable, allowing those with private matters to travel more easily. Christians who had avoided camp hardships returned, repaired their arms, and prepared for battle. News reached Lord Baldwin about the army’s dire situation. Filled with compassion, he decided to help using his wealth. His gifts of gold, silver, silk, and valuable horses significantly aided the chiefs and many others, earning him widespread admiration and love.
To ensure he didn’t do less for his elder brother, Godfrey, he instructed that Godfrey receive all revenues from lands near Turbessel and the surrounding area. This included grain, barley, oil, wine, and fifty thousand pieces of gold. An influential Armenian lord, Nichosius, who was close to Baldwin, sent a gift for the duke. This was a large and well-crafted pavilion. However, Pakrad ambushed the servants delivering the gift and stole the pavilion, presenting it to Bohemond as his own offering. Upon hearing this, Godfrey, with the count of Flanders, confronted Bohemond, demanding the pavilion’s return. Bohemond claimed it as a lawful gift from Pakrad but eventually relented to avoid conflict, returning the pavilion and restoring harmony between the leaders.
It seems very strange to me that the duke, a man distinguished for moderation and dignity of character, should have shown such persistence in claiming so trivial and unimportant a thing. I can account for it in no other way than by quoting the proverb,
“No one is perfect in every respect,” and also, “Sometimes even good Homer nods.”
There is another saying also, “In a long task it is legitimate to succumb to sleep.” For the laws of human nature ordain that only too often we perceive in ourselves a defection from the right
More Enemy Reinforcements Enroute
Rumors were circulating that a powerful Persian prince, urged by the Antiochenes and his own people, was sending troops to aid the city. An edict had been issued for a large force of Turks to move into Syria under special commanders. This rumor was not only widespread but also confirmed by refugees from the city. The news grew, with reports soon claiming they threatened the gates. Fear gripped our army.
During this crisis, Stephen, count of Chartres, a respected noble chosen by the chiefs for his wisdom, left under the guise of illness. He departed with his servants, followers, and considerable possessions, claiming he needed to recover at Alexandretta. This coastal spot near the port serves as an entrance to Cilicia.
About four thousand men accompanied him on his departure. Reaching the coast, he withdrew to Alexandretta to await events. If our forces succeeded, he planned to rejoin the army, feigning recovery. If not, he intended to return home by ship, risking disgrace and loss of prestige. The leaders left behind were appalled by this act, which brought shame and damaged his reputation. They feared others might follow his example. They agreed to announce that no one could leave the city without permission. Anyone leaving without consent would face infamy and severe punishment. Consequently, respect for valor and fear of punishment kept everyone in the camp obedient to their leaders.
The Christian Population Of Antioch
Antioch, this city beloved of God, received the doctrine of Christ in the time of the apostles through the preaching of the prince of the apostles, as we have said, and has faithfully and devoutly borne His easy yoke even to the present day. While all the East was shaken and the successors of Muhammad were subjugating by force entire provinces to their impious superstition and perverse dogma, this city rejected with scorn the prophets and their poisonous doctrine and, as long as possible, refused to bear the domination of an infidel nation.
For although the heresies of this seducer had taken firm hold on all lands from the Persian gulf to the Hellespont, and from India to the Spain, this city, unique and alone, preserved the faith intact and stood staunchly for its own liberty in the midst of erring nations. Finally the noble citizens, enfeebled by long sieges and distressed
by intolerable attacks of the enemy, were unable to resist longer, and, scarcely fourteen years before the time of which we are speaking, they had been forced to surrender Antioch to the foe of the Christian name and faith.
When our army reached the walls, most of the population were true believers but lacked power in the city. They were engaged in trade and mechanical arts. Only the Turks and infidels could engage in war and hold significant city offices. Christians were forbidden from bearing arms or engaging in military affairs. As rumors of the pilgrims from the West spread, Antioch’s leaders grew more suspicious of the faithful. Especially during the siege, they were restricted from leaving their homes or appearing in public except at specific times.
In the city, certain noble families inherited ancient dignity from distinguished ancestors. One such family, the BeniZerra, was notable for its lineage. Their name, meaning “sons of the makers of breastplates,” likely came from their original ancestor’s craft or their continuation of it. It’s probable some still practiced this trade, passed down through generations. They were assigned a tower, known as the Tower of the Two Sisters, near the gate now called St. George’s Gate, to peacefully conduct their important trade for the lord and city.
Two brothers were in the family, with Firuz, the elder, as the influential chief of his tribe. He was close to the lord of Antioch, receiving many honors and serving as secretary in the palace. Energetic and subtle, Firuz knew Bohemond as a renowned prince. As the siege began, Firuz gained Bohemond’s favor through intermediaries. Throughout the siege, Firuz remained loyal, informing Bohemond daily about the city’s status and Yaghi Siyan’s plans. Discreet, he concealed this alliance to protect his family. Bohemond also kept their friendship secret, ensuring no suspicion arose, even among their servants.
For about seven months, a secret understanding existed between them. They often discussed how to restore the city to Christian liberty. Bohemond repeatedly brought up the issue with Firuz, who eventually responded through his son, the messenger of these private communications:
“Well do you know, O best of men, who art dearer to me than life itself , how sincerely I have loved you, from the time when, by the will of God, we entered into this common friendship. I call to mind, moreover , that I have ever found in your words the true firmness worthy of a good man. Hence it is that, day by day, you have crept deeper and deeper into my heart and have become ever more dear to me. Over the matter which you have so often brought to my attention I have pondered with earnest care more than once and have given due consideration to all its various aspects. I am convinced that if I can restore my native country to its former state of freedom, drive out these unclean dogs under whose rule we are oppressed, and introduce a people who worship God, I shall not fail of eternal reward and shall be permitted to enjoy the society of the blessed saints forever.”
“On the other hand, if I undertake this difficult and dangerous task and then fail to carry it through successfully, no one can doubt that inevitably my house and the memory of my distinguished race will be utterly destroyed, so that not even the name of it will thereafter be remembered. Nevertheless, the hope of reward is ever wont to attract the mind of mortals to such risks. Wherefore, if your comrades will concede that this city when surrendered to you through my zealous efforts shall belong to you alone, with the help of the Lord, who has joined us in the close bonds of friendship, I will undertake the task, however difficult. This I will do through love of you, for whom, as for my own children, I desire every good thing. This strongly fortified tower, over
which, as you see, I have full power, I will surrender to you without hindrance that through this you, with all your people, may gain free entrance into the city. If, however, since you are all equal, you proposeto share the city taken under such circumstances with the others on equal terms, I will not involve myself in such danger for the sake of
those in whom I have no interest. On behalf of the welfare and safety of all, therefore, make every effort to obtain this concession from the leaders associated with you and rest assured that, as soon as I shall receive definite information that you have secured that promise, I will not delay to open to you the entrance into the city-the end to which
you are endeavoring to persuade me.”
“Know, moreover, that unless this action is taken very soon it may possibly be deferred forever. Nearly every day, the lord of this city receives messengers and dispatches indicating that reinforcements assembled from the entire Orient for his assistance have encamped around the Euphrates river with a force of two hundred thousand
cavalry. If these armies and you still outside the city, you will scarcely be able to withstand the combined forces of citizens and the advancing host of their allies.”
Bohemond earnestly tested the leaders’ sentiments to learn their plans for the captured city, keeping his own intentions secret except from those he trusted. Realizing some leaders wouldn’t support him, he delayed discussions. However, Duke Godfrey, the Count of Normandy, the Count of Flanders, and Hugh the Great agreed with him, admiring his wisdom and keeping his plan confidential. Only the Count of Toulouse opposed, causing a nearly disastrous delay, as Bohemond’s friend hesitated to risk himself for others. Bohemond focused more on personal gain than the common good but maintained his friendship with Firuz through gifts and attention, strengthening their bond with frequent messages.
During this period, the deputies sent by Yaghi Siyan and the citizens of Antioch to Persia for assistance returned successfully. The Persian prince, aware of Antioch’s troubles, was sympathetic and saw it as beneficial to counter the Christians’ advances to safeguard his own kingdom. He dispatched numerous Persian, Turkish, and Kurdish troops to Syria under a trusted commander. This leader, supported by centurions and captains, was empowered with authoritative letters from the prince, commanding all regional governors to follow his son, Corbagath, who led the armies. Karbuqa, obeying his lord, took command and expanded his forces as he traveled. He entered Mesopotamia with 200,000 men and camped near Edessa, learning that the area was controlled by a Frankish leader. Before crossing the Euphrates, he decided to attack and capture the city.
Baldwin had been alerted in advance and gathered brave men to support him, equipping his city with food and arms. Thus, he was only slightly worried by Karbuqa’s threats. Karbuqa commanded his forces to attack Edessa vigorously. However, Edessa resisted strongly, and it became clear Karbuqa was making little progress. Advisors eventually convinced him to abandon this secondary effort and focus on his main goal—to cross the Euphrates and aid Antioch. They reminded him that after relieving Antioch, capturing Edessa and Baldwin would take only a day. After three weeks, Karbuqa ordered the crossing, advancing with new determination. This delay at Edessa meant Baldwin was absent from Antioch’s siege, which proved crucial. Had Karbuqa reached Antioch before the Christians secured it, the situation would have been dire. By divine grace, Antioch was taken before Karbuqa arrived, yet resisting him was still challenging.
Worry Spreads Of Enemy Reinforcements
The report of the advancing armies spread through the camp. Confirmed by many, it was certain the enemy was nearby. Concerned, the leaders sent trusted men in various directions to verify these reports by consulting reliable sources. Chosen for this mission were Drogo de Nesle, Clarebold de Vendeuil, Gerard de Cherisi, Reinald, count of Toul, and others. These men, with their followers, conducted thorough investigations and sent scouts further afield. They confirmed that troops were gathering from all sides, converging like rivers to the sea. They returned in time to assure the leaders that the report was undeniable. Seven days before Karbuqa’s forces reached Antioch, the Christian chiefs were warned but instructed the spies to keep it from the people, fearing the weakened crowd might panic and flee, as some chiefs had recently done.
Crusaders Decided How To Respond To Approaching Army
The chiefs gathered to address a critical moment in the campaign. With humility, they considered actions for this emergency. Some proposed that the entire siege force advance two or three miles from the city to confront the approaching enemy. There, after seeking divine aid, they would challenge the confident commander relying on his large numbers. Others believed part of the army should remain to prevent citizens from joining the enemy. The stronger and more experienced troops would then go out to engage the infidels, with divine support if it pleased the Lord.
As they discussed this, Bohemond discreetly gathered key leaders: Duke Godfrey, Robert of Flanders, Robert of Normandy, and Raymond of Toulouse. In a secluded area, away from others, he spoke to them.
“I perceive, beloved brethren, fellow workers in the service of God, that you are tormented with anxiety over the approach of this chief who is said to be close at hand. In the conference just held, each has had a different opinion according as his own desires directed; yet neither proposition has struck at the root of the matter.“
“For whether we all go out, as some of you wish, or a part remain in camp, it is evident that our zealous efforts and outlay, so long continued, will have been expended in vain. For if we all go, the siege will be ended and our aims defeated, the citizens will recover their liberty, and, with egress free, will either join the enemy or will bring the troops of their allies into the city”
“On the other hand if a part of the troops remain in the camp, I fore- see that the same result will be inevitable. Even now, the united and undivided strength of our entire force can scarcely restrain the citizens, although they are in desperate straits and utterly without hope of aid. How, then, is it possible that a part only of our army can keep them within the walls after their allies have arrived?“
“It is apparent to me that one of two things will presently happen. Either they will join their allies and with united forces attack us with superior numbers, or they will at any rate introduce into the city the troops of the allies and will carefully fortify Antioch with arms and provisions. In that case, even if, by God’s help, we should defeat the foe outside, we should still have no assurance of gaining the city.”
“It seems to me, therefore, most revered fathers, that we ought to exert ourselves to the utmost to bring Antioch under our power before the arrival of this great commander. Do you ask me by what means and how such a plan can be carried into effect? In order that I may not seem to be suggesting an impossible achievement, I will state that I can open a way by which speedily and easily we may accomplish our desired end.”
” I have in Antioch a loyal friend, a man of much wisdom, as far as human eyes can judge. As I believe I have stated to some of you already, this man holds in his power a strongly fortified tower. This, under certain conditions, he has agreed in good faith to surrender to me, as I have often begged him to do. In return for this favor, I have pledged my word to give him a large sum of money and to insure to him and his heirs, in perpetuity, extensive estates and privileges of all kinds, as the price of his work, if the affair turns out as we desire. ment with my friend. But if not, let each one of you try to find a better way to bring the city under his power; and let him who succeeds possess it for himself , in peace and quiet. I yield in his favor and am ready to surrender to him whatever share I have in present affairs.”
The chiefs joyfully agreed to Bohemond’s request, except the count of Toulouse, who refused to yield his rights. The others promised to grant the city to Bohemond as an hereditary possession and vowed secrecy. They urged Bohemond to act quickly to avoid delays.
The meeting ended, and Bohemond, eager to proceed, informed his friend through a messenger that the chiefs had agreed. He urged Firuz to execute the plan the next night with God’s help. This news greatly pleased Firuz.
Turmoil Grows Within The City
An event at this time gave Firuz more reason to proceed. While occupied with his duties, he sent his son home for unknown urgent reasons. The son discovered his mother with a Turkish chief. Horrified, he told Firuz, who, enraged, reacted with the anger of a wronged husband.
“It is not enough for the filthy dogs that they crush us under the yoke of unjust servitude and deplete our patrimony by daily exactions, but they must needs violate the laws of wedlock and destroy the bonds of marriage. If I live, I will put an end to such insolence and, with the help of the Lord, repay them as they deserve.“
Hiding his sense of injury, he sent his son, who shared his secret and felt turmoil over the wrong done to his mother, to Bohemond. He instructed him to warn Bohemond to prepare everything necessary for the task. There would be no delay, as he planned to fulfill his promise the following night. He also ordered all chiefs to leave the camp around the ninth hour as if to march against the enemy, then return silently during the first watch of the night, ready to act at midnight. Bohemond secretly introduced the young man to the plot’s leaders, explaining the detailed plan made with Firuz’s son’s help. Impressed by the scheme and loyalty, the chiefs approved and agreed to proceed as arranged.
During those crucial days, an unexpected event unfolded. The citizens, especially those safeguarding the city, began suspecting secret negotiations for its surrender, despite lacking definite proof. This rumor spread quickly, becoming a common topic. Concerned, the principal citizens approached the governor to discuss the matter. Given various indications, the suspicion seemed plausible. Although many Christians in Antioch were innocent, they were suspected, including the noble man in question. Despite Yaghi Siyar’s faith in his loyalty, others distrusted him.
During this tense conference with Yaghi Siyan, Firuz’s name came up among other suspects. There was more reason to distrust him since he was energetic and more influential than other Christians in the city. Urged by his advisors, the prince ordered Firuz to be summoned. Once he arrived, the discussion continued in his presence to gauge his advice and determine if suspicion was justified.
Firuz was shrewd and quick-witted. He immediately sensed the conference was about him and he was under suspicion. To cleverly conceal his intentions and appear innocent, he reportedly responded to those testing him like this:
“Your solicitude, venerable men and great chiefs of this city, is most laudable and
is such as is found only among wise men. For it is the part of wisdom
to foresee that which may happen, and to be overcautious does no harm
in a capital matter. Hence, you seem to me to be moved by no trivial
impulse when you are anxious on behalf of your lives and liberty and
for your wives and children. Yet, if you will accept my advice, there
is a fairly quick method by which a suitable remedy and an effective
cure for this disease which threatens you may be provided. This detestable treachery, which with great foresight you fear, can be successful only through the agency of those who are in charge of the towers and walls and of those assigned to guard the gates. If, then, you distrust the loyalty of these people, let them be changed frequently, so that they may not continue long in any one place and be able to enter
into a disastrous friendship with the enemy. For a plot of this nature
is not easily arranged j it is indeed a matter of some time. Nor is.it
possible for a private individual alone to undertake an affair of such
importance. It must necessarily involve citizens in higher places, who,
corrupted by bribes, are equal partners in the crime. But, by making
these sudden and unexpected changes, you will remove all opportunity for perilous negotiations of this kind.”
His words ended, pleasing everyone and easing suspicions about him. He seemed to prove his innocence. His advice would have been followed immediately, but night was approaching, making it impossible to change city guards then. Orders were given for heightened vigilance, yet none knew the secret plans being plotted by him. Aware that the situation would soon change, he worked tirelessly to complete his scheme before anything could stop it.
Turks Plan To Massacre Christians Citizens
When our army arrived at Antioch and laid siege to the city, the townspeople distrusted the Greeks, Syrians, Armenians, and all Christians, regardless of race. Consequently, they expelled the weak and those lacking provisions to avoid burdening the city. Only the wealthy with sufficient supplies could stay. However, those who remained faced numerous demands, making exile seem preferable. They were often fined, losing what little they owned. Forced into labor, they built machines, carried heavy beams, stones, and managed ropes, without rest, under overseers’ control. Secretly, oppressors planned to kill all Christians by night. A wise chief, friendly to Christians, secured an eight-day delay. This pause aimed to see if the siege would end; if not, the massacre would proceed. As the respite ended, orders were secretly given for the execution. The massacre was set for the night our leaders executed their plan with Bohemond and Firuz, aided by God. Thus, when Christians took the city, the leaders were unconcerned with the turmoil, thinking it was the execution of orders against Christians.
Thus when the city had been taken by force in this way, there were found in the homes of the Christians many infidels who had come, as ordered, to massacre the unsuspecting believers.
Firuz and Bohemond Implement Their Plan
Around the ninth hour, the herald’s voice rang out across the camp, commanding all cavalry forces to arm and follow their leaders immediately. The people were unaware of this secret plan, as only a few key chiefs knew of it. Following Firuz’s strategy, the cavalry left the camp, trailing their leaders as if departing for a journey. In truth, they awaited nightfall to return quietly under the cover of darkness.
Firuz, a devout man who had greatly aided the Christians, had a brother completely unlike him in both feelings and intent. Firuz, mistrusting his brother’s loyalty, kept his plans secret. Distrustful, he concealed his intentions. That day, around the ninth hour, while our legions marched from the camp, the two brothers stood together on the battlements. Observing the departure through the openings, the elder sought to understand his brother’s mindset and began to address him.
“I pity this people, my brother, for whom so sudden an end is being prepared, for they profess the same faith as ourselves. Ignorant of what the morrow may bring forth, they ride out confidently, seeming to fear nothing, as if their affairs were in a state of security. But if they knew the snares that are being laid for them and the utter destruction which so soon awaits them, perchance they would take some other measures for their safety.”
To this the brother replied,
“You are worrying yourself foolishly and your compassion is uncalled for. Would
that all these people had already fallen by the sword of the Turks, for, from the very day when they (crusaders) entered this land, our condition has become increasingly worse, and it is hardly possible that the benefits which we may gain through their efforts can equal the troubles we have suffered on their account.”
Until now, Firuz had hesitated to share his intention with his brother. However, hearing these words, he recoiled from him as if from a plague. In his heart, he cursed him, fearing that his brother might hinder his obedience to Christ. Firuz began plotting his brother’s death, prioritizing the safety of the Christians over his own affection for him.
Bohemond passionately pursued his project, ensuring no delay through inaction. He visited each chief, urging readiness. In his hand was a skillfully woven rope ladder, designed to attach to the wall’s battlements with iron hooks. Past midnight, with the city’s residents in deep sleep from exhaustion, Bohemond sent a loyal staff member to his friend Firuz to confirm if it was time to advance. The messenger found Firuz watching from a small wall opening. Firuz instructed, “Sit quietly until the prefect of the guard passes.” It was the city’s custom for the superior officer to patrol the wall with a torch-lit escort several times a night, punishing any negligence. The officer soon arrived, praised Firuz’s vigilance, and continued on. Firuz saw that the proper time for action had come and said to the messenger, who had withdrawn a little apart,
“Go quickly and tell your lord to come speedily with his picked men.”
The messenger quickly returned to his master, who was prepared. The other leaders were discreetly summoned, and each promptly arrived with their company as planned. Soon, they gathered silently at the tower’s base. During this time, Firuz entered the tower and found his brother asleep. Knowing his brother opposed the plan, Firuz feared he might hinder its completion. He delivered a fatal sword thrust—both a pious and wicked act. Firuz then returned to the ramparts, where his allies waited below. After exchanging hopeful greetings for their safety, he lowered a rope to pull up the ladder.
Once raised and securely attached, no one dared to ascend. No one risked their life, not even under orders from their superior or Bohemond. Realizing this, Bohemond took the initiative and bravely climbed the ladder himself. Upon reaching the top and grabbing the battlements, his hand was seized by Firuz. Discovering it was Bohemond, Firuz reportedly exclaimed,
“Long Live That Hand!”
To gain favor with Bohemond and the other Christians, the man, who had killed his own brother for refusing to join a holy cause, led the chief to show him the brother’s body. Bohemond, moved by this loyalty, embraced him. Then, he called his men to ascend from the battlements but they hesitated, suspecting deception. Bohemond returned via the ladder to reassure them of his safety. Immediately, they competed to reach the walls, capturing the tower and several nearby. Among those who ascended were the count of Flanders and Lord Tancred, inspiring the others to follow.
Crusaders Enter The City
The other chiefs, seeing enough men had reached the ramparts and opened the gates, rushed back to prepare their troops. They wanted to ensure no delay when the signal was given from inside the city. Those who scaled the walls seemed divinely inspired. Led by Firuz, they captured ten towers nearby after eliminating the guards. The city remained silent.
Near where the Christians ascended, there was a postern gate. They broke the bars and bolts, opening it to let in soldiers outside, increasing the invaders’ numbers. Together, they rushed to the Bridge gate, killed the guards, and forcefully opened it.
Meanwhile, Bohemond’s retainers placed his standard on a hill overlooking the city, near the fortress. As dawn broke, horns and clarions sounded the signal, creating a din to alert the camp. The chiefs understood the signal, armed themselves, and swiftly led their forces to seize the city’s approaches and gates.
Meanwhile, the common people, previously unaware of the secret plans, were stirred. Discovering the nearly deserted camp, they eagerly followed into the city. Awakened by the uproar, citizens were initially confused by the unusual noises. Soon, seeing armored knights causing havoc in streets and squares, they realized the truth. Leaving their homes, they tried to flee with their families. Frantic and bewildered, they recklessly ran into the paths of other warriors in their desperate search for safety.
Christians in the city—Syrians, Armenians, and others—rejoiced greatly at the events. They armed themselves and joined the army, using their knowledge of the area to guide others through the city’s complex paths. When they encountered a barred gate, they killed the guards, broke the locks, and let their allies in. They believed this miraculous change was divine. Once oppressed under harsh servitude, they could now inflict the same suffering on their enemies and ensure their destruction.
By this time, our entire army had entered the city. They quickly seized the gates, towers, and ramparts. The chiefs’ standards and insignia, familiar to all, flew from the highest points as proof of victory. Carnage and anguish were everywhere, with the wailing of women. Fathers were slain, entire households murdered. The Christians forced their way into homes, destroying domestic items. The enemy’s wealth was plundered by whoever reached it first. Victors roamed freely, driven by the urge to kill and greed, sparing no one regardless of age or gender. They asked everyone they met where the wealthiest citizens lived, then attacked in groups, killing servants and entering private rooms. They slaughtered noble families and divided the household goods, gold, silver, and garments among themselves. It’s said more than ten thousand were killed that day; corpses lay unburied in the streets.
Upon realizing the city had fallen and the enemy controlled the fortifications, Yaghi Siyan feared the Christians would soon target the citadel. In panic, he fled alone through a postern gate, seeking to save his life. While wandering aimlessly, he encountered several Armenians. Recognizing him, they approached with apparent reverence. Overcome with fear, he allowed them near. Seeing he was alone, they deduced the city’s capture. They swiftly overpowered him, used his sword to decapitate him, and brought his head into the city to present to the leaders before everyone.
Certain nobles had come to assist Antioch, seeking to showcase their prowess. Upon learning the city had fallen to the Christians, they attempted to retreat to the citadel, unfamiliar with the area and fearing for their lives. They encountered Christians descending from the city, trapping them on a steep slope. Unable to escape, about three hundred were forced off the mountain with their horses, leaving little trace.
Those familiar with the area fared better. Once aware the city was taken, they quickly fled through the gates at dawn, heading for the mountains. Some were captured and chained by our forces, while others reached safety on horseback. By the fifth hour, our forces returned. After gathering everyone, it was clear the city had no provisions left, unsurprising after a siege of nearly nine months.
On the other hand, vast supplies of gold, silver, gems, precious utensils, rugs, and silks were discovered, turning former beggars into the newly rich. In the entire city, only about five hundred war-ready horses were found, emaciated and starving.
The city of Antioch was taken in the year of the Incarnation of the
Lord 1098, on the third of June.