Baldwin Returns To Main Army
While Tancred was conquering Cilicia, the main army reached Marash. Baldwin visited his brother Godfrey, who was recovering, and felt ambitious. Inspired by Tancred’s praised valor, Baldwin sought new adventures. However, his comrades were reluctant to join him due to his previous arrogance towards Tancred at Tarsus. Many thought his behavior was disgraceful, and if not for respect for the duke, Bohemond and his men might have retaliated. Consequently, Baldwin found few willing to accompany him. His brother reprimanded him, and Baldwin humbly promised to make amends to Tancred. Since his actions were influenced by others and not typical of him, he was forgiven and regained everyone’s goodwill. In all other respects, Baldwin was commendable, with no further incidents reported.
He had a friend, a noble Armenian named Pancratius [Pakrad], whom he met at Nicaea after Pakrad escaped the emperor’s prison. This man was his companion on marches, a brave but unreliable warrior. Pakrad urged Baldwin to gather troops for an expedition into the surrounding area, claiming it could be easily seized. Baldwin agreed. With 200 knights and many on foot, they headed north. They soon entered a wealthy region where most were Christians, but a few infidels held fortresses, oppressing believers and barring them from military service. The Christians despised this rule, and upon Baldwin’s arrival, they handed over fortifications. Within days, Baldwin controlled the district up to the Euphrates. His reputation alone caused enemies to flee. His presence inspired courage and confidence among the faithful. Christian princes also allied with him, providing troops and loyal support.
Rumor soon spread the name and deeds of this remarkable man across nearby provinces. His valor, loyalty, and courage were highly praised. The news reached Edessa, and the city buzzed with tales of a leader from the Christian army who could free them from servitude. City officials and elders, who held Edessa’s authority, eagerly sent an invitation for him to visit.
Baldwin Heads To Edessa
Edessa, also known as Rages, is a notable city in Mesopotamia. It is where the elder Tobit sent his son to reclaim silver from Gabelus. After Christ’s Passion, Edessa received salvation’s teachings through Thaddeus, the apostle. They remained faithful to the doctrine as preached by the apostle and as described in Eusebius of Caesarea’s Ecclesiastical History. Despite paying annual tribute and taxes, Edessa retained its original freedom, unlike surrounding areas seized by enemies. Though neighboring towns caused issues, Edessa allowed only the faithful to reside within its walls, maintaining independence from heathen influences.
A governor of the Greek nation ruled the city, sent when the province came under Constantinople’s power. He was an elderly man without heirs. As the Turks arrived before his term ended, he had to remain. He kept control either due to inability to return home or because the people didn’t force him out. However, he was ineffective, unable to protect or assist his people. The citizens, with the governor’s consent, sent messengers to Baldwin for help. After hearing their plea and consulting with friends, Baldwin agreed and prepared to march. With eighty knights, he crossed the Euphrates, leaving others to guard his lands.
Meanwhile, Turks across the river learned of his approach and set ambushes. He diverted to a fortified town ruled by an Armenian to avoid these traps. There, the lord welcomed him with hospitality, and he rested for two days, hesitant to continue. The Turks, tired of waiting, appeared with a strong force, seizing cattle from nearby pastures. Outmatched, the Christians stayed in the fortress, and on the third day, the Turks left.
Baldwin then resumed his interrupted march to Edessa. He was
received on his arrival with much honor by the governor of the city
and with good will by all. The clergy and all the people came out to
meet him, singing hymns and spiritual songs to the accompaniment of
trumpets and drums
The ruler who summoned Baldwin soon felt envy. Reflecting on the people’s admiration for Baldwin, he wanted to withdraw from their agreement. Initially, it was decided Baldwin would share equally in the city’s goods and taxes during the ruler’s life, then inherit everything. Now, the ruler proposed Baldwin defend the city against the Turks for a modest annual wage, which Baldwin scorned, viewing it as an insult. Preparing to leave, the citizens urged the governor to honor the pact to retain Baldwin, essential for their freedom.
Faced with unanimous demands and Baldwin’s popularity, the ruler feared refusal and reluctantly agreed. To amend his actions, he adopted Baldwin as his son in public, making him an equal partner and future successor. The people rejoiced, trusting Baldwin for their safety. Gaining confidence, they began considering revenge against their ruler for past grievances, as later events revealed.
Near Edessa, the ancient city of Samosata was known for its strong fortifications. Ruled by Balduk, a cunning Turkish leader, the city suffered under his heavy taxes and forced labor. Balduk held the citizens’ children as hostages, making them work under harsh conditions. Desperate, the people of Edessa pleaded with Baldwin for help, hoping he would rescue their children and end their suffering. Baldwin, seeking their loyalty, agreed and organized an armed force against Samosata.
Baldwin launched persistent attacks for several days, but the city’s defenses held strong. Realizing the siege was ineffective, he returned to Edessa. However, he left knights in a fortified position nearby to maintain pressure on Samosata, ensuring no relief for its people.
Revolt in Edessa And Conquer of Samosota and Seruj
The citizens of Edessa quickly realized Baldwin was energetic and successful in his endeavors. They saw the unfairness in the existing arrangement, where Baldwin, the city’s liberator and peace founder, was equated with a man useless to the city. They invited Constantine, a powerful noble with several fortified castles nearby, and with the people’s consent, planned to eliminate their lord and make Baldwin their sole ruler. They despised their governor, who deserved their hatred. He extorted gold, silver, and valuables from them and wronged them greatly. If anyone resisted, he would provoke Turkish hostility against them through bribes, threatening their vineyards, livestock, and even their lives.
The citizens of Edessa, troubled by their ruler’s misdeeds, saw a chance for the freedom they longed for. Following their plan, they took up arms, attacked the ruler’s tower, and aimed to destroy it with determination. The governor, fearing for his life due to the people’s anger, sought Baldwin’s help by offering his treasures. Baldwin tried to protect him and calm the citizens, but realizing it was futile, advised the governor to save himself. In desperation, the governor attempted to escape but was killed by arrows. The people dragged his body through the city and beheaded him, barely easing their anger. Despite Baldwin’s reluctance, they made him their ruler, swore loyalty, and led him to the citadel, giving him the former ruler’s riches, restoring peace to the city.
Balduk, the ruler of Samosata, noticed Baldwin’s success and offered his city for ten thousand gold pieces. Realizing the city’s strong defenses, Baldwin paid the sum and acquired it. He also recovered Edessa’s hostages, boosting his prestige. This early achievement earned him such favor from Edessa’s citizens that they saw him as both lord and father, ready to fight for his glory.
In the province near Edessa, there was a city called Seruj, filled with infidels. The ruler, a Turkish satrap named Balas, repeatedly harassed Edessa. Baldwin agreed to the citizens’ pleas to gather an army against Seruj. On the set day, he marched and laid siege to the city, setting up camp around it. After positioning his engines, he boldly attacked. Fearful and unsure of their strength, the citizens sent envoys to negotiate peace. They agreed to surrender if Baldwin guaranteed their safety, and the city was handed over. A garrison was left to protect it, led by a negotiator. Baldwin imposed an annual tribute and returned to Edessa in glory. The Christian occupation of Seruj opened communication between Antioch and Edessa, removing the obstacle of its midway position between Edessa and the Euphrates. Now, let’s return to the main army’s story.
Main Army Heads To Marash and then Artah
While Baldwin was engaged in Edessa beyond the Euphrates, the main army, after traversing steep mountains and winding valleys, reached Marash. Most of the city’s inhabitants were Christians, but infidels controlled the citadel and treated people as they wished. When the army approached, the Turks fled in fear, leaving the Christians in control.
The army encamped in green pastures outside the city, ensuring no harm came to the townspeople, allowing a peaceful market. Trustworthy locals informed the Christians about another nearby city, Artah, held by the Turks, which was in a more fertile area. Count Robert of Flanders, with a thousand knights, swiftly marched there, accompanied by nobles Robert de Rozieres and Goscelon, son of Conon. Upon arrival, Robert began the siege, prompting the Turks to retreat to the citadel, trusting in its strength.
When the Armenians and other true believers in Artasium learned that warriors in gleaming armor had arrived from the long-awaited army, their hope for freedom awakened. They took up arms against the Turks, who had oppressed them, and swiftly killed them. They tossed the heads outside the walls, opened the gates, and warmly invited the Christians to enter and stay in the city, providing for both warriors and horses.
Artasium, also known as Chalcis, is a suffragan city under the patriarchal throne of Antioch, fifteen miles away. News of these events spread, stirring the people of Antioch. They armed themselves to eliminate the invaders who had seized Artah. Around ten thousand selected men from Antioch set out quickly for Artasium, sending thirty light-armed knights on swift horses ahead. The rest hid in ambush, hoping the Christians would recklessly attack. The skirmishers rode in front of the city, provoking the faithful within. Overcome by their actions, the Christians pursued without caution and fell into the ambush. The enemy tried to stop their retreat, but by God’s will, the Christians fought back and returned safely to the city.
Turks Try to Reclaim Artah
The enemy realized capturing the city quickly wasn’t easy, so they began a blockade. They stormed for a day without success, as the Christians defended bravely. When news of our main army’s approach arrived, the enemy saw it as risky to stay and returned to Antioch, leaving soldiers to guard the bridge. The count and his comrades protected the city until the main army arrived. During this, Goscelon, a promising youth and son of Conon, count of Montague, fell ill and died, receiving honorable burial rites.
The Turks from Antioch had scarcely left Artasium at daybreak when news arrived that the main Christian army had reached the city’s outskirts and camped nearby. Concerned for the besieged brethren at Artasium, the leaders sent fifteen hundred knights to assist them. Orders were clear: if the siege was lifted and access to the city was open, the count of Flanders and his nobles should leave a garrison to secure the place and return. Similar instructions were given to Tancred, who had returned from Cilicia after securing the district. All leaders, except Baldwin, the duke’s brother growing stronger near Edessa, rejoined the army. The divisions were thus reunited, restoring the army’s strength. A public edict was issued, forbidding anyone from leaving the main army without orders.
Conflict At The Iron Bridge
They broke camp and set their course for Antioch, taking the shortest roads. Midway was a river with a heavily fortified bridge. To avoid delays, Robert, Count of Normandy, and his division were sent ahead to check the route. If issues arose, he would alert the following legions and inform the chiefs. Leading this contingent were Evrard du Puiset and Roger de Barneville, renowned noblemen skilled in arms.
The count and his group reached the bridge before the main army. This stone bridge featured fortified towers at each end, housing a hundred skilled archers. Their task was to guard the towers and prevent crossing. Additionally, seven hundred knights from Antioch had secured the far bank, blocking access.
The bridge spans the Orontes River, known locally as the Far river. It flows past Antioch to the sea. Some mistakenly think it’s the Farfar of Damascus, but that’s incorrect. The Farfar and Albana start in the Lebanon mountains, flow past Damascus, and vanish in the desert sands. The Orontes begins near Heliopolis, flows past Shayzar and Antioch, and reaches the Mediterranean.
When the count of Normandy arrived at the bridge with his forces, he faced obstacles from both the guards in the towers and the defenders on the opposite riverbank. A fierce battle ensued as our forces attempted to cross while the enemy launched dense arrow showers to block them from the fords. As both sides fought intensely, the main army approached. Once it was known that the count and the advance guard were stalled by the bridge fight, the legionaries quickened their pace to assist. They aimed to drive off the enemy and clear the way for the army to cross swiftly.
As soon as all the legions arrived, the trumpet and herald signaled to take arms. Pressing forward, they seized the bridge and forced the enemy to flee. Those unable to fight on the bridge found the ford and crossed. Here they dislodged the enemy and took the far bank without opposition. Once the entire army crossed, with chariots, wagons, and baggage, they camped in wide pastures, about five miles from the city. The next day, they resumed the march along the royal highway between mountains and river and camped about a mile from the city walls.
Description Of Antioch
Antioch is a noble and glorious city, often ranked second or third in prestige after Rome. It leads the East region. Historically known as Reblata, it was where Zedekiah, king of Judah, was taken before Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, who ordered the death of Zedekiah’s sons and then blinded him. After Alexander of Macedon’s death, Antiochus took over part of the region, fortified the city with walls and towers, renamed it Antioch, and made it his capital and royal residence. The prince of the apostles (Peter) held his bishopric here first, as Theophilus, a notable citizen, dedicated a church in his home. For Theophilus, aka Luke, also from Antioch, wrote his Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles. Luke later became the seventh bishop of this church, succeeding Peter.
In this city, the initial gathering of the faithful occurred, where the name Christians was first adopted. Before this, followers of Christ were called Nazarenes. The synod authorized the name change, linking it directly to Christ. The city eagerly embraced the apostle’s teachings, converting entirely to Christianity. It was the first to embrace and teach the Name, spreading its influence widely. Consequently, it was renamed Theopolis, shedding its previous association with a wicked man and becoming known as the city of faith. As a former ruler of many regions, it maintained its provinces even after converting. The beloved patriarch oversaw twenty provinces, with fourteen having their own metropolitans and suffragans. The other six were under two primates, known as catholici, linked to Ani and Hirinopolis or Bagdad, each with their suffragans. These provinces unified under the name Orient, as noted in the synod of Constantinople’s report.
“Let the bishops of the Orient have charge of the Orient only and
let the honor of priority be retained by the church of Antioch,
as is contained in the regulations of the synod of Nicaea”
Antioch, beautifully situated in Coelesyria, part of Greater Syria, lies in a fertile valley enriched by streams. This valley, surrounded by mountains sloping west, stretches about forty miles long and four to six miles wide. At its upper end, springs form a lake teeming with fish. A river flows through the valley past the city to the sea, joined by a stream from the lake.
The city is encircled by thick, high masonry walls on the heights, slopes, and plains. Numerous towers are evenly spaced for defense. To the west, near the newer city section, the river flows close to the walls and mountain, with a bridge extending from the wall and city gate. Some claim the city stretches two miles; others say three. It is ten to twelve miles from the sea.
Control Of Antioch
The lord of this renowned city was Acxianus [Yaghi Siyan] from the Turkish nation. He was part of the household of Malik Shah, the powerful sultan of Persia. This prince, through force, had conquered these provinces. Eventually, after subduing all regions, he aimed to return home. He distributed his conquests among nephews and servants, trusting his benefactions would ensure their loyalty. Nicaea and nearby provinces went to Qilij Arslan. Damascus and its areas were given to another nephew, Duqaq. Malik Shah granted them the title of sultan: Qilij Arslan for his constant conflicts with Constantinople, and Duqaq for his ongoing battles with the Egyptians. Aqsunqur, father of Zangi and grandfather of Nureddin, received Aleppo. Antioch was given to Yaghi Siyan, with limited territory, as the caliph of Egypt controlled up to Laodicea of Syria. When Yaghi Siyan heard of a large Christian army approaching, he urgently sought help from Eastern princes.
He urgently sought the help of the caliph of Baghdad and the sultan of Persia, the most powerful leaders. Convincing them was easy, as they were already aware of our arrival. Qilij Arslan, having witnessed the vast numbers and bravery of the Christian armies, had informed them accurately. The two sultans, seeking to avenge wrongs and protect their lands from the Christians, earnestly requested aid. They promised and later delivered the support needed.
Meanwhile, Yaghi Siyan, worried by the Christians’ approach, gathered troops from nearby areas. Anticipating a siege, he stockpiled food and weapons. With zeal, he motivated the townspeople to supply materials for constructing machines: iron, steel, and other essentials. Driven by a desire for the city’s safety, they worked hard to ensure nothing was lacking during a siege. They raided the surrounding countryside, bringing back grain, wine, oil, and essentials, filling the city to capacity. Through foresight and effort, they fortified their position against the advancing army.
As the Christian army advanced, many noble and powerful men fled to Antioch, seeking safety without waiting for summons. The city’s fortifications seemed impregnable, attracting numerous fugitives. The population swelled, with reports of six to seven thousand knights and over fifteen to twenty thousand foot soldiers ready for battle.
Crusaders Debate Plans Of Attack
As our people neared Antioch, they gathered to discuss the upcoming task. With winter approaching, some leaders suggested delaying the siege until spring. They argued it would be challenging to reunite the dispersed army before then. Additionally, the emperor of Constantinople was expected to send troops, and a new army was coming from beyond the Alps. Waiting for these reinforcements would make achieving their goal easier. Meanwhile, the forces could winter in more favorable locations. By spring, the army would be rejuvenated and ready, and the horses would benefit from rest and feeding.
Some believed it was wiser to promptly invest the city with an unexpected move. Delays would give citizens time to strengthen defenses and gather reinforcements. In this key meeting, the view that the siege should start immediately, as delay was risky, prevailed. It was decided to advance on the city and begin siege operations without delay.
Crusaders Arrive At Antioch
On October 18, they moved to Antioch and set up camp. Although the Christian forces numbered three hundred thousand, including women and children, they couldn’t completely surround the town. The peaks within the walls and the area from the mountain base to the river couldn’t be fully enclosed. The arrival and setting up of camp were noisy.
The blare of horns, neighing horses, and clashing arms mixed with shouts seemed to reach the heavens. However, during that day and the following days, silence prevailed in the city. It seemed empty of defenders, yet it was well garrisoned and well-supplied.
In the plain section of Antioch, there were five gates. To the east, the gate of St. Paul was named after the nearby monastery dedicated to the apostle. Opposite, at the city’s western end, was the gate of St. George, near the basilica of the martyr. On the north side, three gates faced the river. The uppermost was the gate of the Dog, with a bridge leading across the marsh. The second, about a mile from the river, was the gate of the Duke. The third, the gate of the Bridge, was named for its proximity to the river-crossing bridge. Between the gate of the Duke and the last gate, the river touched the city walls.
The army couldn’t approach the gates of St. George without crossing the river, so they were left unblocked. The upper three gates were surrounded. The highest gate was besieged by Bohemond. Below him were Robert of Normandy, Robert of Flanders, Stephen of Blois, and Hugh the Great, with their troops blocking from Bohemond’s camp to the Dog gate. At this gate were Raymond of Toulouse, the bishop of Puy, and other nobles with Gascons, Provençals, and Burgundians, occupying space to the next gate. Duke Godfrey set his camp there with Eustace, Baldwin of Hainault, Reinard of Toul, and Conon de Montague, alongside other nobles. Their troops, including Lotharingians, Frisians, Swabians, Saxons, Franks, and Bavarians, stretched almost to the Bridge gate, forming a triangle between the city, river, and other camps. The army cut down nearby orchards to create a barricade for protection.
Through the openings in the towers and walls, townspeople watched the camp. They marveled at the armor, the steady work, and the camp’s organization. The strength and number of the masses filled them with fear. Comparing the present with the past, they felt terror for their families, homes, and liberty, mankind’s most precious possession. Those whom death had removed from such peril were seen as fortunate, no longer in danger of similar disasters.
In suspense, they awaited the city’s fall and their people’s destruction, sure that a siege of such scale and vigor would lead to the city’s downfall and loss of freedom.
To get fodder for their horses and supplies, the camp’s people frequently crossed the river, often venturing too far. Initially, they returned safely as the citizens stayed within the city. The troops gradually became used to crossing the river multiple times daily, despite difficulties since it required swimming. The besieged soon noticed this routine. Often stealthily, they crossed the bridge, sometimes attacking our people who roamed in search of supplies. The river made retreat challenging for the Christians and hindered camp assistance. To solve this, leaders decided to build a bridge from available materials to counter enemy tactics more effectively and ease troop returns. It would also provide a safer path for infantry on necessary tasks, especially to the coast.
Several boats were discovered on the river and the lake above. These were firmly lashed together. Planks and other suitable materials were laid on top and bound with wicker fastenings, creating a solid bridge for multiple people to cross at once. This wooden structure was a great convenience, located near the duke’s camp, about a mile from the city’s stone bridge. The gate nearby is still called the Duke’s Gate due to his association. His camp stretched from this gate to the newly built bridge. The Christians faced danger not only at this bridge but also at the upper gate, known today as the Gate of the Dog. Here, a stone bridge extended over a marsh formed by overflow from the east gate’s spring and other rivulets. This bridge allowed frequent enemy attacks on the count of Toulouse’s camp. The enemy would open the gate and launch a hail of arrows, causing many casualties. After these attacks, they could escape back to the city over the bridge, pursued by Christians only by the same route. Consequently, the count of Toulouse, the bishop of Puy, and other nobles in the area lost more mules and horses than other leaders.
Violence begins
Losses in their ranks deeply distressed the count and bishop. They gathered their people and instructed them to bring tools to demolish the bridge. On the set day, knights in armor assembled to destroy it, but the strong masonry resisted. Citizens hindered them with stones and arrows. Realizing failure, the Christians changed tactics. They decided to build a machine near the bridge, constantly guarded by armed men to counter the besieged’s attacks. Materials were gathered, workmen called, and within days, the machine was completed. Despite toil and danger, it was positioned like a tower before the bridge, under the count’s care. Seeing the engine near the walls, townspeople rushed to defend, using their hurling engine to weaken it with stones, while arrows and darts targeted those around the machine to keep them away.
The defenders on the walls launched relentless showers of arrows and rocks to push the Christians back. Meanwhile, others opened the gate, charged out, and seized the bridge. With swords drawn, they fought to reach the machine, driving off its protectors and setting it ablaze. Recognizing the futility of their current strategy, our leaders set up three engines the next day. By continuously launching missiles, they aimed to weaken the walls and gate to prevent citizen attacks. While the engines operated, no citizens dared to emerge, but once efforts eased, the besieged resumed their disruptive sallies.
When this plan also proved to be without result, the Christians
adopted a method suggested by some of their number. Immense rocks
and massive tree trunks, so heavy that a hundred hands could scarcely
move them, were rolled against the gate. Under the protection of the
whole army, a thousand mailed knights lent their strength to the work.
The material was carried over the bridge and piled up in such a mass
before the gate that all attempts of the citizens to move it were futile.
These tactics checked the charge of the foe through that gate and the
sudden sallies ceased.
Citizens Attack Christians At The Bridge
A group of about three hundred infantry and cavalry from our army went beyond the bridge to gather fodder. They spread out across the countryside to find supplies, a common practice due to the necessity of provisions. Typically, they returned safely from these trips, even heavily laden. Confident in their luck and dismissing potential mishaps, they became less cautious. Observing this, the citizens gathered a much larger force, crossed the stone bridge, and quickly attacked the Christians, who were caught off guard, killing many and scattering the rest.
The Christians aimed to reach the camp via the bridge of boats, but it was already crowded. Many attempted to cross the ford, only to meet death in the waves. Others were pushed from the bridge into the river by the crowd. Most of these unfortunate souls were overwhelmed by the waves, swept into the depths, never to return.
When this disaster reached the army, thousands of knights armed themselves. Crossing the river, they faced the returning foe, who were celebrating their spoils. Our men attacked and pursued them relentlessly to the city gate, causing significant havoc.
Seeing their fellow citizens in peril, wounded and dying, the townspeople were moved with compassion. They unbarred the gate and courageously crossed the stone bridge to aid their friends. They valiantly attacked our forces, who initially resisted. However, overwhelmed by the multitude, they retreated, pursued by the infidels to the bridge of boats. In this skirmish, many foot soldiers were slain or drowned. Some knights, fleeing from the pursuers, became jammed on the bridge and were thrown into the river. Burdened with armor, they and their horses were swallowed by the waters, never to be seen again.
Our people suffered from the siege as much as those within the walls. Their excursions into the countryside couldn’t be hidden from the townspeople, who tried hard to stop them. Meanwhile, other hostile forces hid in the woods and fields, setting traps that often worked. Consequently, our soldiers hesitated to leave the camp or search far for food. The camp itself wasn’t safe either, with everyone fearing the enemy’s rumored large force might suddenly attack. One might question which was worse: besieging or being besieged.
The Siege Continues Into Its Third Month
Detailing the frequent disasters during this prolonged siege would take too long and isn’t suitable for this summary. Instead, let’s focus on the overall events. By the third month, with the siege ongoing and fortunes fluctuating, the camp faced a food shortage. Initially, there was an abundance of supplies and fodder, leading people to assume prosperity would continue without effort. They squandered resources quickly, indulging in extravagance without moderation. This wastefulness extended to both food and animal fodder. As famine worsened, the army faced severe destitution, endangering everyone. A general assembly was called, and it was decided that all captured goods would be equally shared. Groups of 300 to 400 men were formed to scour the district for any available food.
Before the townspeople began attacking or ambushing these bands, and while the surrounding area was still rich with livestock, grain, wine, and other goods, foragers returned with abundant spoils and supplies. This led to the earlier abundance in the camp. However, nearby resources became depleted. The Turks, previously in terror, now regained strength and defended their lands. Foragers often returned empty-handed or were killed, leaving none to report back. Daily shortages worsened, and famine increased. Bread for one meal per person cost two shillings. A cow, once five shillings, now fetched two marks. Lambs or kids, previously three or four pennies, now cost five or six shillings and were scarce. Eight shillings barely fed a horse for one night. The army had over seventy thousand horses, but only about two thousand remained. The rest died from cold and hunger, and the surviving ones weakened daily.
Issues in Christian Camp
The camp’s pavilions and tents had rotted, leaving many to perish from the cold despite having food. Torrential rains ruined both food and clothing, leaving no dry place for pilgrims to rest or store belongings. These harsh conditions led to a deadly pestilence, with little room for burials or funeral rites. Those still healthy fled to avoid the illness, seeking refuge with Lord Baldwin at Edessa, in Cilicia, or other Christian-controlled areas. With many leaving or dying from hunger, disease, or battle, the army was reduced to nearly half its size.
The leaders devoted to God, seeing the people’s suffering, were moved by compassion for the struggling army. They gathered to find a solution for these dire troubles. After discussing various ideas, they decided that key chiefs would lead troops on an expedition through enemy territory to gather cattle and food. Meanwhile, others would stay to protect the camp. Bohemond and the count of Flanders were tasked with foraging, while the count of Toulouse and the bishop of Puy safeguarded the camp. The count of Normandy was absent, and Godfrey, the duke of Lorraine, was bedridden with illness. The leaders took a sufficient force from the weary army and marched into enemy land.
Citizens Attack Again
The besieged, learning of Bohemond’s and the count of Flanders’ departure, and noting the absence and illness of other leaders, seized the chance to attack. A large force gathered at the Bridge gate. They crossed the river, some by bridge and others by ford, attempting to assault the camp. However, the count’s cavalry met them, forcing their retreat into the city with the loss of two men.
During the skirmish, some of our knights tried to catch a riderless horse whose master had been thrown. The crowd, seeing this, mistakenly thought the knights were fleeing in fear. In panic, they crowded together, causing their own downfall.
The citizens noticed the pilgrims were fleeing without being pursued. They attacked with swords, pursuing them from the stone bridge to the bridge of boats. Great havoc ensued, with our people blocking the way, leading to the death of fifteen knights and twenty foot soldiers, some by the sword, others by falling into the river. The enemy, elated by their victory, returned to the city in glory.
During this time, Bohemond and the Count of Flanders led a troop on a foraging mission with everyone’s consent. They aimed to ease camp shortages by securing provisions. Their successful raids in enemy territory compensated for previous setbacks as they captured a villa filled with supplies. Bohemond sent scouts to gather information and seek loot. The scouts reported many Turks nearby. Bohemond quickly sent the Count of Flanders with a strong escort, following with the main force for support. The Count, a brave fighter, attacked and killed a hundred infidels, scattering the rest. While returning victorious, scouts reported another enemy force approaching. Bohemond sent the Count with a larger force and escort, following with his troops to provide help if needed.
Thanks to divine guidance, our forces caught the enemy in narrow passes. Realizing the fight required swords and close combat, unfamiliar to them, they fled. The Christians pursued for about two miles, killing many. Safely returning to camp, they brought back horses, mules, and abundant spoils from the surrounding area. This victory brought joy to the pilgrims, offering a brief respite from hardship. However, the booty was modest and barely sufficient for a few days, so the army’s difficulties persisted.
Svein is Killed By Turks and Tacticus Abandons Seige
A distressing rumor emerged from Romania, causing grief and anxiety. It struck fear into everyone’s hearts, adding to their misery.
The report, later confirmed, was about Svein, a high-ranking man from Denmark, known for his lineage and character. He intended to join the pilgrimage with fifteen hundred armed youths to support the siege of Antioch. Delayed by personal matters, he couldn’t catch up with the preceding legions.
Svein proceeded alone with his troops, without other commanders. He was honored by the emperor in Constantinople and reached Nicaea safely. While encamped near Philomelium and Terma, he was suddenly attacked by a large Turkish force at night and killed. His people, alerted too late, fought bravely but were nearly annihilated. They resisted fiercely, leaving a costly victory for the enemy, making their sacrifice meaningful.
The emperor had appointed Taticius to guide the pilgrims, and he had accompanied the legions until now. Seeing the surrounding troubles, he feared that the leaders might not continue their pilgrimage and that the army could be destroyed by the enemy. He urged the leaders to abandon the siege and move the army to nearby cities and fortresses, where resources were more abundant. From these bases, they could harass the people of Antioch. The emperor had gathered an army of thousands to aid them, arriving in spring. Taticius claimed he wanted to share in their hardships and aimed to hasten the imperial army’s movements and secure food supplies from the region. Although our leaders knew of Taticius’s deceitful nature, no one opposed him. To mask his betrayal, he left his tents and followers, either disregarding their welfare or secretly instructing them to meet him later.
Thus he departed, as if planning to return soon, but never appeared again, a wicked and unfaithful man deserving eternal condemnation. His exit set a harmful precedent, as many began to secretly leave the camp, ignoring their oaths and initial fervent vows.
Reform At The Camp
Meanwhile, famine worsened, and leaders struggled to find relief. Chiefs, with large forces, repeatedly ventured into enemy territory, often returning victorious but without the much-needed food. The enemy, aware of the Christians’ raids, had moved livestock and other animals to inaccessible mountains. These secluded areas were unreachable, and even if reached, taking the spoils would have been difficult.
The famine worsening daily in the army led to increased pestilence and other issues. Experienced elders realized these troubles stemmed from the people’s sins, believing the Lord, justly angered, was punishing them. They gathered to discuss how to atone for their sins with true penitence, hoping to calm the Lord’s wrath by correcting past faults and avoiding future ones.
Under the bishop of Puy’s mandate and with agreement from other leaders and the army, a three-day fast was decreed to purify their souls through bodily discipline. They also decided to expel all women of ill repute from the camp. Adultery and fornication were banned under penalty of death, and revelry and intoxication were prohibited. Dangerous games, careless oaths, fraud, deceit, theft, and pillaging were also banned.
Once these rules were ratified by general consent, judges were appointed to track offenses with full authority to investigate and punish them. Some violators were later discovered. These offenders were formally accused, convicted, and sentenced according to their crimes, deterring others. Through God’s grace, the people were guided to a better life, easing the Lord’s anger. Lord Godfrey, the army’s main support, began to recover from a long illness caused by a bear wound near Antioch in Pisidia. His recovery greatly comforted the afflicted army.
Dealing With Spies
During this time, widespread rumors circulated throughout the Orient and even reached the southern kingdoms and other nations. They learned that a large force of Christians was besieging Antioch. Concerned about their own lands, monarchs sent spies to gather details on the Christians’ strength and intentions. Many spies infiltrated the camp, constantly arriving and departing to report back. Skilled in various languages, they easily mingled with the troops, posing as Greeks, Syrians, or Armenians.
The leaders met to address the threat to public safety. Expelling the spies was challenging since they closely resembled the mentioned nations in language and manners. Until a solution was found, the leaders decided to share their plans only with a trusted few, fearing that widespread knowledge might aid the enemy. When no solution seemed possible, Bohemond, noted for his sharp mind, assured the chiefs, “Leave this to me; with God’s help, I will find a remedy.” The leaders then dispersed to their camps.
As evening descended and the camp prepared for dinner, Bohemond, keeping his word, had Turkish prisoners brought forth. He ordered them strangled and a large fire built as if for dinner. The bodies were carefully prepared and roasted. His people were instructed to say that from then on, enemy or spy bodies would be food for the leaders and people.
News of this spread through the army, and everyone marveled at the idea. Spies in the camp were terrified, believing the rumors true, and fled to their land. They reported to their chiefs that this people exceeded others in cruelty. Capturing cities, torturing, or killing wasn’t enough; these Christians also feasted on their enemies’ flesh.
Rumors spread across the Orient, scaring not just nearby nations but even those far away. The whole city of Antioch was shaken by the new and cruel actions. Bohemond’s efforts helped eliminate this threat of spies, and our plans were less often revealed to the enemy.
Crusaders Make Contact With Egyptian Caliphate
The caliph of Egypt, the most powerful infidel ruler due to his wealth and military might, sent envoys to our leaders. This was because of a longstanding enmity between the Orientals and Egyptians, rooted in religious differences and opposing beliefs. This hatred continues today. These two kingdoms were often at war, competing to expand their territories at the other’s expense, as detailed in the first book of this history. Depending on which side was stronger at different times, each kingdom expanded its territory, impacting the other’s domain.
At this time, the prince of Egypt controlled the land from Egypt to Laodicea in Syria, a thirty-day journey. Recently, the sultan of Persia had captured Antioch on Egypt’s borders and occupied land up to the Hellespont. The Egyptian monarch distrusted the Persians and Turks. News of Qilij Arslan’s defeat at Nicaea and the Christian siege of Antioch pleased him, seeing Turkish losses as beneficial. Concerned that a long siege might discourage the Christians, he sent envoys to encourage the leaders to persist. These envoys promised military support from the sultan and sought to win the leaders’ favor and establish a friendship treaty.
Obeying their lord’s commands, the messengers sailed to the Christians’ camp, anxious about their mission. They were warmly welcomed and frequently met with the army chiefs to deliver their message. While impressed by the endurance, numbers, and resilience of the Christians, they felt apprehensive about the powerful host, sensing future events. (Their master, attempting to replace another, would later face similar challenges. After Antioch was reclaimed and returned to Christian faith, the Christians, with divine help, seized the land from Antioch to the river near Gaza).